Download - THE CAMPAIGN PROCESS
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THE CAMPAIGN PROCESS
Lecture #7
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The Nomination Game
• Nomination:– The official endorsement of a candidate for
office by a political party. Generally, success requires momentum, money, and media attention.
• Campaign Strategy:– The master plan candidates lay out to guide
their electoral campaign.
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The Nomination Game
• Competing for Delegates– The Caucus Road
• Caucus: Meetings of state party leaders. Used to select delegates.
• Now organized like a pyramid from local precincts to the state’s convention.
• Not used by many states.
• The Iowa caucus is first and considered the most important.
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The Nomination Game
• Competing for Delegates– The Primary Road
• Primary: Elections in which voters choose the nominee or delegates pledged to the nominee.
• Started by turn of the century reformers.
• Most states use one of the forms of a primary.
• Frontloading is the tendency of states to hold primaries early - New Hampshire is first.
• Generally primaries serve as elimination contests.
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The Nomination Game
• Competing for Delegates– Evaluating the Primary and Caucus System
• Disproportionate attention to the early ones.
• Prominent politicians find it difficult to make time to run.
• Money plays too big a role.
• Participation in primaries and caucuses is low and unrepresentative.
• The system gives too much power to the media.
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The Nomination Game• The Inflated Importance of Iowa and New Hampshire (Figure 9.1)
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The Nomination Game
• The Convention Send-off– Once provided great drama, but now they are a
basic formality - which means less TV time.– Are still important to the party to get organized
and motivated.– Party platform: Statement of its goals and
policies and general beliefs.– Official nominations and candidate speeches.
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The Nomination Game• The Declining Coverage of Conventions on Network TV (Figure
9.2)
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Contributions and Expenses• Campaigns are VERY expensive.
• House races can cost over $1 million but usually cost $400-700,000 for incumbents, less for challengers.
• Senate races cost much more.
• All political money is regulated by the federal government under the Federal Elections Campaign Act of 1971, 1974, and 1976.
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Campaign for the Senate, 2002
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Money and Campaigning
• The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms– Federal Election Campaign Act (1974)
• Created the FEC to administer campaign finance laws for federal elections.
• Created the Presidential Election Campaign Fund.
• Provided partial public financing for presidential primaries (matching funds).
• Provided full public financing for major party candidates in the general election.
• Required full disclosure.
• Limited Contributions.
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Money and Campaigning
– Soft Money• Contributions (with no limits) used for party-
building expenses or generic party advertising• Soft money was often used to pay for ads that do not
expressly advocate the election or defeat of a particular candidate.
– McCain-Feingold Act (2002) also known as the Bipartisan Campaign Finance Act (BCFA) banned soft money, increased amount individuals can contribute, and limited “issue ads.”
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Contribution Limits
To each candidate or candidate committee per election
Individualmay give
$2,300 *
National Party Committeemay give
$5,000
State, District & LocalParty Committeemay give
$5,000(combined limit)
PACmay give
$5,000
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Money and Campaigning
• The Proliferation of PACs– Definition: Created by the Federal Election Campaign
Act in 1974 to allow corporations, labor unions and others to donate money to campaigns.
– As of 2004 there were 3,868 PACs.– PACs contributed over $258 million to congressional
candidates in 2002.– Donate to candidates who support their issue,
regardless of party affiliation– Not sufficient data that PACs “buy” candidates
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Money and Campaigning
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Personal Contributions
• In Buckley v. Valeo (1976) the Supreme Court struck down limits on personal campaign spending.
• Spending your own money on your campaign is a free speech right.
• Steve Forbes, Ross Perot, and other wealthy Americans have taken advantage of their personal wealth in their quest for office.
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527 Organizations
• A new source of money under the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
• Designed to permit the kind of soft money expenditures once made by political parties
• They can spend their money on politics so long as they do not coordinate with a candidate or lobby directly for that person
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Campaign Challenges
Handling the Press?
Campaign Financing
Televised Debates
The News Media
IndividualContributions
PAC Contributions
Personal Contributions Party Contributions
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Candidate announces they are
running
Direct Primaries/ Caucuses
ConventionNomination
Debates
General Election
The Steps