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•Chapter 10 The Cell Cycle
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Cell size
• As cell size increases, the surface area to volume ratio decreases
• Rates of chemical exchange may then be inadequate for cell size
• Cell size, therefore, remains small
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Cell Division: Key Vocabulary
1.Genome: cell’s genetic information
2.Somatic cells (body cells)
3.Gametes (reproductive cells): sperm and egg cells
4.Chromosomes: DNA molecules
5.Diploid (2n): 2 sets of chromosomes
6.Haploid (1n): 1 set of chromosomes
7.Chromatin: DNA-protein complex
8.Chromatids: replicated strands of a chromosome
9.Centromere: narrowing “waist” of sister chromatids
10.Mitosis: nuclear division
11.Cytokinesis: cytoplasm division
12.Meiosis: gamete cell division
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Cell Division: Key Roles
• Genome: cell’s genetic information
• Somatic (body cells) cells
• Gametes (reproductive cells): sperm and egg cells
• Chromosomes: DNA molecules
• Diploid (2n): 2 sets of chromosomes
• Haploid (1n): 1 set of chromosomes
• Chromatin: DNA-protein complex
• Chromatids: replicated strands of a chromosome
• Centromere: narrowing “waist” of sister chromatids
• Mitosis: nuclear division
• Cytokinesis: cytoplasm division
• Meiosis: gamete cell division
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Chromosome anatomy
•Draw a chromosome and label the following parts:• Telomere• Centromere• Gene• Chromatid• Chromatin• Chromosome• (kinetochore)
•Next to each label, write a brief description of each part
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Chromosome Coiling• In order to align and
separate, chromatin must coil and condense. Draw or make a partially coiled chromosome and label each of the following parts:
• Histone• Nucleosome• Scaffold• Supercoil
• Next to each part, include a brief description
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The Cell Cycle
• Interphase (90% of cycle)
• G1 phase-growth
• S phase-synthesis of DNA
• G2 phase- preparation for cell division
• Mitotic phase
• Mitosis-nuclear division
• Cytokinesis- cytoplasm division
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Mitosis
• Prophase
• Prometaphase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
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Prophase
• Chromosomes visible
• Nucleoli disappear
• Sister chromatids
• Mitotic spindle forms
• Centrosomes move QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
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Prometaphase
• Nuclear membrane fragments
• Spindle interaction with chromosomes
• Kinetochore develops QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
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Metaphase
• Centrosomes at opposite poles
• Centromeres are aligned
• Kinetochores of sister chromatids attached to microtubules (spindle)
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Anaphase
• Paired centromeres separate; sister chromatids liberated
• Chromosomes move to opposite poles
• Each pole now has a complete set of chromosomes
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Telophase
• Daughter nuclei form
• Nuclear envelopes arise
• Chromatin becomes less coiled
• Two new nuclei complete mitosis
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Cytokinesis
• Cytoplasmic division
• Animals: cleavage furrow
• Plants: cell plate
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Cell Cycle regulation
• Growth factors
• Density-dependent inhibition
• Anchorage dependence
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Cancer
• Transformation
• Tumor: benign or malignant
• Metastasis
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Onion Root Tip Mitosis
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Field 1
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Field 2
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Field 3