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The Cell CycleReview
Text – page 201
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Animal Cell Plant Cell
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Cell Size Limitations
Text - Ch 7 Wide variety of sizes and shapes
RBC (1 um) to nerve cells (1 m) Egg yolk (ostrich) Most are 2-200 um cell scale
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Diffusion limits cell size
Selectively permeable membraneI.e. Nutrients in and wastes out
Becomes slow and inefficient as distance between organelles and membrane increases
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DNA limits cell size
DNA supports protein needs of cell More than one nucleus
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Surface area-to-volume ratio
As cell grows the volume increases faster than the surface area
If cell doubles Nutrients requirements increase 8-fold Waste also increases 8-fold Surface area only increases 4-fold
The cell, therefore, will either starve to death or be poisoned.
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Cell Reproduction
Cells divide before they become too large.
Recall: all cells come from pre-existing cells
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The Redi Experiment
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Pasteur’s swan neck flask experiment
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Chromosomes Discovered
Become visible just before cell division Vanish soon after cell division Contain DNA Chromosome (X’me) number varies
Humans 46
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Chromosomal Structure
Exist as chromatin most of cell’s life Long strands of DNA Wrapped around proteins called
histones Appear as beads on a string Reorganize before cell division
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The Cell Cycle
Def’n: Sequence of growth and division about 3 000 000 cells die in your body
every minute. Cells die due to damage or when they
don’t get enough food or oxygen. Regeneration - Healing of damaged tissue
or the replacement of body parts is called regeneration.
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Mitosis
Mitosis is responsible for the cell division that all plants and animals require for:
Growth Repair (and replacement) of body cells
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Characteristics of Mitosis
Always only one parent Offspring identical to parents (fast,
convenient, safe)
I.e. asexual reproduction
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Phases of the Cell Cycle
IPMAT
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Interphase
Most of cell’s life Longest and busiest phase
DNA in thin strands called Chromatin replicate.
Chromatin coils up to form double stranded X’mes.
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Interphase
A Centromere connects the original chromatin with its identical replicate.
The cell has a complete extra copy of DNA.
http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec19281/004.htm
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Chromosome
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Prophase
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Prophase Duplicate DNA is easily seen under
microscope. Nucleolus and Nuclear Membrane
disappear. Centrioles move to opposite sides of the
cell. Spindle fibres (like a scaffold) grow out of
each centriole and attach to centromere.
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Metaphase
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http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-11/974783537.Cb.1.jpg
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Metaphase Spindle fibres pull on centromeres double X’mes pulled into a line across
the middle Shortest phase
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Anaphase
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Anaphase Spindle fibers contract fully Centromeres are pulled apart 1 copy of DNA goes to each side of the
cell
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Telophase
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Telophase A complete set of X’mes arrives at each
centriole. Two daughter cells have formed Spindle fibers disappear Nuclei/nucleoli and nuclear membrane
form. X’mes uncoil into thin chromatin.
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Telophase (cont’d) Animal cells
Cleavage furrow – cytokinesis (cell membrane pinches off)
Plant cell A cell plate grows across the cell
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Parent Cell Daughter Cells
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Animations
NOVA Online | Life's Greatest Miracle | How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs. Meiosis (Flash)
mitosis = cell division hybridmedical-mitosis hybridmedical-mitosis youtube DNA repl'n & spindle