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The Cell Cycle
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Why are cells so small??
• What limits the size of a cell??– Most cells are between .002 - .2 millimeters
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What limits the size of a cell?• Diffusion
– Very fast and efficient over short distances– Becomes slow and inefficient as the distances
become larger– Cells would die before nutrients could reach the
organelles if the cell was too big
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What limits the size of a cell??
• Surface Area – to – Volume Ratio– As cell size increases, its volume increases
much faster than surface area– Example: If cell size doubles, the cell would
require 8 times more nutrients, but the cell membrane would only increase by 4 times. This would mean that the cell doesn’t have enough room (cell membrane) to diffuse.
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What limits the size of a cell??• DNA
– There’s a limit to how fast DNA can make proteins
– If you have a large cell then the DNA can’t make proteins fast enough for the cell.
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The Cell Cycle
• Cell Reproduction– One cell (parent cell) reproduces to make 2
identical cells (daughter cells)
– 5 steps in this process
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What is Mitosis
• Mitosis is…THE PROCESS BY WHICH A CELL’S NUCLEUS DIVIDES!
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Before Mitosis…• Interphase
– This phase is broken down into 3 subphases– G1 = Cell grows in size and organelles replicate
– S = DNA duplicates itself (DNA Replication)– Chromatin duplicates – long coily strands of DNA that become
wrapped up
– G2 = Rapid Growth before dividing
– Cells spend most of their time in this phase
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Interphase
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Interphase
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Interphase
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Mitosis• Prophase
– A.) Chromatin organizes itself into chromosomes made up of 2 sister chromatids attached by a centromere• Sister Chromatids – A chromosome and its
duplicated twin• Centromere – rubber band structure that
joins the 2 sister chromatids together
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Prophase– B.) Nuclear membrane
breaks down– Nucleus dissolves
– C.) Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell (poles)
– Centrioles – cylinder structures that will reel in the chromatids
– D.) Spindle fibers form– Spindle fibers – football
shaped set of ropes that will attach to the centrioles and the chromatids
– Made of microtubules
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Prophase
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Prophase
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Prophase
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Prophase
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Prophase
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Mitosis• Metaphase
– Spindle fibers attach to centrioles and sister chromatids at their centromeres.
– Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell• Line up on the metaphase plate/equator.
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Metaphase
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Metaphase
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Metaphase
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Metaphase
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Metaphase
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Metaphase
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Metaphase
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Metaphase
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Metaphase
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Metaphase
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Mitosis• Anaphase
– The centromeres split apart and the sister chromatids separate from each other
– The spindle fibers pull the chromatids toward the poles
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Anaphase
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Anaphase
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Anaphase
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Anaphase
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Anaphase
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Anaphase
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Anaphase
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Anaphase
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Anaphase
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Anaphase
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Anaphase
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Mitosis• Telophase
– Chromatids reach the poles– Chromosomes unwind– Spindle fibers break down– Nucleus reforms– Cell begins to split
• Cleavage furrow
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Telophase
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Telophase
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Telophase
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Telophase
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Telophase
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Telophase
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Telophase
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Telophase
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Telophase
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Telophase
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After Mitosis…
• Cytokinesis– Cells Separate
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Cytokinesis
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The Cell Cycle
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What phase is this cell in?
Inte
rphas
e
Pro
phase
Met
apha
se
Anap
hase
Tel
ophas
e
0%6%
0%0%
94%
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
![Page 60: The Cell Cycle. Why are cells so small?? What limits the size of a cell?? –Most cells are between.002 -.2 millimeters](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033022/56649dab5503460f94a9a59d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
What phase is this cell in?
Inte
rphas
e
Pro
phase
Met
apha
se
Anap
hase
Tel
ophas
e
90%
10%
0%0%0%
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
![Page 61: The Cell Cycle. Why are cells so small?? What limits the size of a cell?? –Most cells are between.002 -.2 millimeters](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033022/56649dab5503460f94a9a59d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
What phase is this cell in?
Inte
rphas
e
Pro
phase
Met
apha
se
Anap
hase
Tel
ophas
e
0% 0% 0%
95%
5%
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
![Page 62: The Cell Cycle. Why are cells so small?? What limits the size of a cell?? –Most cells are between.002 -.2 millimeters](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033022/56649dab5503460f94a9a59d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
What phase is this cell in?
Inte
rphas
e
Pro
phase
Met
apha
se
Anap
hase
Tel
ophas
e
0%
95%
5%0%0%
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
![Page 63: The Cell Cycle. Why are cells so small?? What limits the size of a cell?? –Most cells are between.002 -.2 millimeters](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033022/56649dab5503460f94a9a59d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
What phase is this cell in?
Inte
rphas
e
Pro
phase
Met
apha
se
Anap
hase
Tel
ophas
e
0% 0%
38%
6%
56%
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
![Page 64: The Cell Cycle. Why are cells so small?? What limits the size of a cell?? –Most cells are between.002 -.2 millimeters](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033022/56649dab5503460f94a9a59d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Which phase does a cell spend most of its time in?
Inte
rphas
e
Pro
phase
Met
apha
se
Anap
hase
Tel
osphas
e
Cyt
okines
is
100%
0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telosphase
6. Cytokinesis
![Page 65: The Cell Cycle. Why are cells so small?? What limits the size of a cell?? –Most cells are between.002 -.2 millimeters](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033022/56649dab5503460f94a9a59d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
What phase is this cell in?
Inte
rphas
e
Pro
phase
Met
apha
se
Anap
hase
Tel
ophas
e
20%
40%
20%20%
0%
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
![Page 66: The Cell Cycle. Why are cells so small?? What limits the size of a cell?? –Most cells are between.002 -.2 millimeters](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033022/56649dab5503460f94a9a59d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
What phase is this cell in?
Inte
rphas
e
Pro
phase
Met
apha
se
Anap
hase
Tel
ophas
e
0% 0%
80%
5%
15%
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
![Page 67: The Cell Cycle. Why are cells so small?? What limits the size of a cell?? –Most cells are between.002 -.2 millimeters](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033022/56649dab5503460f94a9a59d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
What phase is this cell in?
Inte
rphas
e
Pro
phase
Met
apha
se
Anap
hase
Tel
ophas
e
6% 6%
0%
50%
39%
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
![Page 68: The Cell Cycle. Why are cells so small?? What limits the size of a cell?? –Most cells are between.002 -.2 millimeters](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033022/56649dab5503460f94a9a59d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
What phase is this cell in?
Inte
rphas
e
Pro
phase
Met
apha
se
Anap
hase
Tel
ophas
e
85%
5% 5%5%0%
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
![Page 69: The Cell Cycle. Why are cells so small?? What limits the size of a cell?? –Most cells are between.002 -.2 millimeters](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033022/56649dab5503460f94a9a59d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
What phase is this cell in?
Inte
rphas
e
Pro
phase
Met
apha
se
Anap
hase
Tel
ophas
e
0% 0%5%
95%
0%
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
![Page 70: The Cell Cycle. Why are cells so small?? What limits the size of a cell?? –Most cells are between.002 -.2 millimeters](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022033022/56649dab5503460f94a9a59d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
When do 2 daughter cells split
Inte
rphas
e
Pro
phase
Met
apha
se
Anap
hase
Tel
ophas
e
Cyt
okines
is
0% 0%
53%
0%
47%
0%
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
6. Cytokinesis