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THE CHALLENGES OF THE CHALLENGES OF ECOLOGICAL ECOLOGICAL SANITATIONSANITATION
ININ
COASTAL SOUTH INDIACOASTAL SOUTH INDIA
A CASE STUDYA CASE STUDY
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SEKHAR RAGHAVAN
DIRECTOR,
RAIN CENTRE,CHENNAI, INDIA
Ph: 0091- 44- 2461 6134
EMAIL: [email protected]:www.raincentre.net
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RAIN CENTRE
IS A ONE-STOP INFORMATION
AND
ASSISTANCE CENTRE
FOR
RAINWATER HARVESTING
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THIS FIRST RAIN CENTRE IN THE COUNTRY WAS SET
UP IN CHENNAI
WAS INAGURATED BY THE THEN CHIEF MINISTER OF
TAMIL NADU
IN AUGUST 2002
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SANITATION ISSUES
IN
2. PERI-URBAN AREAS
3. URBAN AREAS
1. RURAL AREAS
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SANITATION
All about Human defecation
&Its Disposal
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THOUGH ALL OF US DEFECATE IN ONLY ONE
WAY
ITS DISPOSAL IS BROADLY OF SIX DIFFERENT TYPES
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SIX DIFFERENT TYPES
2. SOAK PITS/PIT LATRINES – WET –IN RURAL & PERI-URBAN AREAS
3. SEPTIC TANKS – WET – WELL & NOT-SO-WELL DESIGNED IN PERI-
URBAN AREAS
1. OPEN DEFECATION – DRY – IN ALL THREE AREAS
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SIX DIFFERENT TYPES
1.UNDERGROUND SEWERAGE SYSTEM – WET – ONLY IN CHENNAI
6. ECOLOGICAL SANITATION –DRY –ULTIMATE IN SANITATION
4. OPEN MUNICIPAL DRAINS –WET – IN PERI-URBAN AREAS &
SMALL TOWNS
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WHILE SOAK PITS, SEPTIC TANKS AND ECOSAN ARE
AT THE MICRO LEVEL
OPEN DEFECATION, OPEN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS AND
UNDERGROUND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS ARE
AT THE MACRO LEVEL
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OUR ACTIVITIES IN ECOSAN
PLACE: KOVALAM
WITHCOSTAL AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT TRUST
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Kovalam
is an ancient coastal town
30 kms. South of Chennai
6 Habitations – a fishermen’s kuppam (largest), 3 dalit settlements
and 2 Islamic habitations.
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Why Kovalam?
Close to Chennai
Fast developing peri-urban area
Shrinking of open spaces making open defecation difficult
Need for toilets increasing
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Why Kovalam?
Good Groundwater – water table high during post-monsoon
Almost everyone has a plot of land and a house – thanks to tsunami
BUT NO TOILETS IN A LARGE MAJORITY OF THEM!!!
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First Phase* Awareness Raising since 2005
* First Toilet in 2006supported by IITM 1970
* 9 Toilets in the Kuppam and Dalit Settlement in 2007-08
Supported by FAKT, Germany & Arghyam, Bangalore
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* 12 Toilets in Kovalam kuppam and 5 in Pungeri by Japan Students Fund in 2007-08
* Students were from the Institute of Buddhist Economics, Komazawa University, Tokyo,
Japan
Handed over to the residents by the Consul General of Japan
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* Twin squatting pans
* Initial Cost was Rs. 10000 in 2007-08
Rs. 2000/= from the beneficiaries (Rs.1000 at the time
of booking and Rs.1000 after completion)
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Second Phase
* Under IBEKU – JICA Grant 29 toilets in Kovalam – dalit habitat
and 10 more in Pungeri were constructed in 2009-10
* Handed over to the residents by Ms. Pamela Walsh, Founder,
Friends of India, Geneva
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*These have the Calvert type pans and provision for bathing
Cost Rs. 14,000
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Total ecosan toilets constructedFirst Phase
* 10 by our Akash Ganga Trust* 17 by Japan Students Fund (5 in
Pungeri)
Second Phase
* 29 JICA in Kovalam* 10 by JICA in Pungeri
Total 66 toilets
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Social Aspects - AttitudesPsychological
2. Not a priority
3. Faeces remain within the premises
4. Why are we given ecosan instead of flush toilets?
5. Difficult to convince them about eco-friendliness of ecosan
1. Cannot defecate within four walls
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Social Aspects - AttitudesFinancial
2. Got houses built by the Govt, and NGOs, which did not have toilets!!
3. Got colour TV, Gas stove and connection free from the Govt.
Why don’t you give us free toilets?
1. Got several things free as tsunami relief from global and local
NGOs
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Social Aspects – Mistakes in first phase
2. Our partner NGO within the town was preoccupied in other projects
3. Did not employ a suitable person as coordinator
4. Did not insist on their contribution
5. There was no follow-up
1. We did not involve the residents in planning
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Social Aspects – Reasons for success in second phase
2. Conducted a “participatory social mapping of the colony” involving
women
3. They realised that they were surrounded by shit
1. Spent quite a bit of time in talking to people about the need for
toilets
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Social Aspects – Reasons for success in second phase
5. Agreed to include a bathing space inside the toilets
6. Helped construct a well to solve their problem of no water
4. Conducted group walks to inspect open defecation areas
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Social Aspects – Reasons for success in second phase
8. Trained a few of them as animators to periodically inspect the toilets
9. Everyone in the colony agreed to build a toilet and did so
7. Agreed for easy monthly instalments of Rs. 200 for ten
months
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Lessons Learned
2. People have to help pay for their own toilets
3. Govt.’s welfare schemes develop a culture of dependency – No one wants
to pay for toilets
1. Total sanitation takes time. Community education and
participation critical
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Lessons Learned
5. Focus should be on a small geographical area till it achieves
critical mass
6. Women should be involved in helping design the toilets
4. Identifying, training and employing one or two of them to
monitor is very important
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The Future
2. What does various religious scriptures say on defecation practices
and its disposal?
3. Ecosan toilets are more expensive than pit latrines
1. Historical Study – Ancient History, Recent past history, oral
history
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The Future
6. The role of the government has not been very sanitation-friendly
5. Community toilets in rural and peri-urban areas is the only way for cost-
effective sanitation
4. Find out ways and means of reducing the cost
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GENERAL REMARKS
2. WHILE OPEN DEFECATION IS BAD, WHAT THE PANCHAYATS &
MUNICIPALITIES ARE DOING IS EQUALLY BAD
1. IN PERI-URBAN AREAS THE NEED FOR SANITATION HAS
INCREASED
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GENERAL REMARKS
4. WHEREVER THEY HAVE BUILT TOILETS THEY ARE EITHER PIT
LATRINES OR BADLY DESIGNED SEPTIC TANKS
3. IT IS A SHAME THAT HOUSES WERE BUILT WITHOUT TOILETS
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GENERAL REMARKS
6. SUBSIDY IS TOO SMALL:GOVT SHOULD BE ASKED TO INCREASE IT
TO Rs. 5000/=
5. There is a confusion whether ecosan toilets are composting or dry toilets and whether EM can be
used or not
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Thanks to
2. FAKT, Germany
3. ARGHYAM, Bangalore
4. JAPAN STUDENT’S FUND – IBEKU
5. NARAYANAN, CRDT
1. IIT Madras Alumni 1970
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Special Thanks to
2. Professor Yuko Nishimura, Komazawa University, Japan
1. JAPANESE INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
(JICA)
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REFERENCES
2. “The Toilet papers” Sim Van der Ryn (1978)
3. “The Big Necessity” Rose George (2008)
4. ASHWAS Report by Arghyam (2009)
1. “Goodbye to the flush toilet” Ed. Carol Hupping Stoner (1977)
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REFERENCES
5. “Compendium of Sanitation System and Technologies –
WSSCC/eawag Manual
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QUOTATION
All the human and animal manure, which the world loses if returned to the land instead of being thrown into the sea, would suffice to nourish the
world
…Victor Hugo, 1862
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“Shit”should no longer be
a bad word
THANK YOU