Download - The Coastal Area Ecosystem
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The Coastal Area Ecosystem
By: Adam(Mr. Richardson’s Class)
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Table of Contents• The Habitat• Habitat Field Notes• Abiotic & Biotic• Plants• Woody• Groundcover• Herbaceous Plants• Water Plants• Animals• Invertebrates• Vertebrates
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Table of Contents• Food Web• Symbiotic Relationships• Pyramid of Energy- Water Organisms• Pyramid of Energy- Land Organisms• Yearly Temperature – Summerland Key• Yearly Precipitation- Summerland Key• Water pH• Unique Site Factors• Limiting Factors
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Table of Contents
• Ecologically Sensitive/Endangered Organisms
• Human Impact• Levels of Biological Organization• Bibliography• The End
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The Habitat
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The Habitat
• Coastal Area• Sacarma Bay• Two Square Miles• 8 Visits• Snorkeling, Net,
Camera, Boat, Land• Approximately 15
points of observation
• Snorkeling
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Habitat Field NotesDate April 8th
MondayApril 10thWednesday
April 11thThursday
Time 4:45 – 5:30PM
4:30 – 5:20PM 4:00 – 5:00PM
Water 81.7 83.4 80.3
Temperature 84.2 85.6 83.1
Weather Sunny, Calm
Sunny, Breezy Partly Cloudy, Breezy
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Habitat Field Notes
Date April 13thSaturday
April 16thTuesday
April 18thThursday
Time 2:00 – 3:50PM
5:00 – 6:00PM
4:00 – 4:20PM
Water 83.4 83.7 82.7
Temperature 86.4 85.0 86
Weather Sunny, Windy
Sunny, Calm
Sunny, Breezy
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Habitat Field Notes
Date April 21stSunday
April 23rdTuesday
Time 1:20 – 2:20PM 4:45 – 5:35PM
Water 79.8 82.0
Temperature 82.9 85.6
Weather Partly Cloudy, Breezy
Sunny, Calm
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Abiotic & BioticAbiotic
• The non-living physical features of the environment.
Biotic• Living or once-
living organisms in the environment.
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Abiotic FactorsSoil Sand, Shells, Exoskeletons,
Fossilized Coral, Minerals
Light 11-12 Hours of Daylight
Water 6 inches – 3 foot depth, 30 ft of visibility, 82.2 degrees average
Temperature 84.8 Average, breezy & sunny
Air Clean, no pollution
Trash Plastic, Metal, Paper, Food Waste, Wood, Cardboard
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Biotic Factors
Mammals Humans
Fish Snapper, Grunt, Minnow, Needle Fish
Birds Heron, Vulture, Pelican, Sea Gull
Plants Mangrove, Buttonwood, Sea Grass, Sea Weed
Insects Mosquito, Fly, Beetle, Water Bug
Reptiles Iguana, Anole
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Plants
Water Groundcover
Herbaceous Woody
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Woody• Green Buttonwood • Sea Grape
Conocarpus erectus1. 3-8 m tall2. 2.5 cm to 9 cm long
leaves3. 1-3 cm wide leaves
Coccoloba uvifera1. Grows up to 40 ft.2. Fruit hangs down in
clusters3. Shiny, leathery
leaves
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Groundcover
• Water Sprite(Ceratopteris
thalictroides)– Skinny leaves– All Green– Found around
water
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Herbaceous PlantsWater Sprite(Ceratopteris
thalictroides)– Skinny leaves– All green– Found around water
Sargassum Weed(Sargassum hystrix)
– A.k.a. gulfweed– Asexual reproduction– Type of brown algae
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Turtle Grass(Thalassia testudinum)
– Found in up to 100’ of water– Average growth is 2-4 mm per day– Will grow in temperatures of 20 to
40 degrees C
Sea Fan(Gorgonia ventalina)
– Flexible– Flat– Spread out to as much as 5’ & as
tall as 6’
Herbaceous Plants
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Green Algae(Gunflintia species)
–A.k.a. grass – green algae–First appeared 2 billion years ago–Phylum is cholorophyta
Herbaceous Plants
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Black Mangrove(Avicennia germinang)
1. Roots shoot up out of ground
2. Member of verbena family
3. Can grow to 70’
Water Plants
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Water Plants
Turtle Grass(Thalassia testudinum) Found in up to 100’
of water Average growth is 2-
4 mm per day Will grow in
temperatures of 20 to 40 degrees C
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Water PlantsRed Mangrove(Rhizophora mangle)• 12” seeds• Cigar shaped seeds• Red barkGreen Algae(Gunflintia species)• A.k.a. grass – green
algae• First appeared 2 billion
years ago• Phylum is cholorophyta
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Neptune’s Shaving Brush
(Penicillus capitatos)1. 3 inches tall2. Underwater plant3. All green color
Water Plants
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• Sea Fan(Gorgonia ventalina)
1. Flexible2. Flat3. Spread out to as
much as 5’ & as tall as 6’
Water Plants
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• Sargassum Weed(Sargassum hystrix)
1. a.k.a. Gulfweed2. Asexual
reproduction3. Type of brown
algae
Water Plants
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Animals
• Animals without backbones are invertebrates.
Invertebrate
Sea Cucumber
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Invertebrates
Tree Snail Spiny Lobster
Sea Cucumber Upside Down Jellyfish
Hermit Crab Ghost Crab
Horseshoe Crab Pink Shrimp
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Invertebrates•Tree Snail•(Apple snail)
–Move by gliding on mucus–Omnivores–Plants above and below water are its food
•Brown Sea Cucumber•(Thyrone briareus)
–Related to starfish and sea urchin–13 cm long–4 cm thick
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Invertebrates
• Hermit Crab• (Pagurus bernhardus)
– Large claw is always on right side– Eats scraps and worms– Shells from 1” to 5”
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Invertebrates
• Horseshoe Crab• (Limulus polyphemus)
– Considered “living fossil”– Spines all over– Light brown color
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Invertebrates•Spiny Lobster•(Pamulirus angus)
–10 appendages on thorax–Closely related to crayfish–Brownish reddish color
•Upside Down Jellyfish•(Cassiopea medusa)
–12” diameter–Lays on ocean floor upside down–Purple or light brown top
•Ghost Crab•(Ocypode quadrata)
–50mm carapaces for adults–Live in burrows–Can make 3 sounds
•Pink Shrimp•(Pandalus bornlis)
–4-7” in length–Pink color–invertebrate
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Vertebrates
• Animals with a backbone are called Vertebrates.
Great White Heron
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Vertebrates•Great White Heron •Brown Anole •Turkey Vulture
•Marine Iguana •French Grunt •Laughing Gull
•Mangrove Snapper
•Osprey •Needlefish
•Brown Pelican •Pinfish
•Great Barracuda •Nurse Shark
•Schoolmaster •Glass Minnow
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Vertebrates•Great White Heron•(Ardea herodias)
–Long sharp bill–6 ft. wing span–46” Long
•Marine Iguana•(Amblyrhynchus cristatus)
–Can swim–From 2-6 ft. in length–Teeth joined to inner edge of jaw
•Mangrove Snapper•(Lutjanus griseus)
24 inches in lengthAverage weight of about 2 lbs.A.k.a. gray snapper
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Vertebrates•Brown Pelican•(Pelecanus occidentalis)
–42-54” in length–State bird of Louisiana–Dives from as high as 20 meters into water for food.
•Great Barracuda•(sphyraena barracuda)
–Fanglike teeth–Forked tail–5-15 pound average
•Schoolmaster•(Lutjanus apodus)
–Average weight is 1 lb. In shallow waters–Adult ones are mistaken for dog snappers–Mostly yellow fins
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Vertebrates•Brown Anole•(Anolis sagrei)
–Brown color–Darker brown stripes and spots–Red skin flap under head
French Grunt(Haemulon flavolineatom)
–Adults are almost 1’–30 cm in length–Makes grunt sounds
•Osprey•(Pandioin Halioetus)
–6’ wingspan–Diet is fish–2’ in length
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Vertebrates•Pinfish•(lagodon rhomboides)
–3-6 “ in length–Spines on dorsal and anal fin–Dark spot behind gill cover
•Nurse Shark•(Gynglymostoma cirratum)
–Brown color –5-50 lbs–Barbells at the nostrils
•Glass Minnow•(anchoa mitchilli)
–Under slung mouth–1-2 inches in length–Won’t exceed 4”
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Vertebrates•Turkey Vulture•(Cathartes aura)
–75 cm long–6 feet wing span–a.k.a. Turkey Buzzard
•Laughing Gull•(Larus atricilla)
–13 inches long–41 inch wingspan–Black head
•Needlefish•(Strongylura marina)
–Slender long bodies–1’ or less in size–Thin bill
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Food Web Shark
Osprey Barracuda Seagull Pelican Heron
Grey Snapper Lobster Horseshoe Crab Schoolmaster Needlefish
Snails Pink Shrimp Hermit Crabs Pinfish Sea Cucumber
Algae Plankton Seagrape Green Buttonwood
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Symbiotic RelationshipsMutualism •Benefits both
species.Remora cleans shark and gets food that the shark does not eat, the shark does not eat the Remora.
Commensalism •Benefits one partner but does not harm or help the other.
Fish have protection and food in mangroves but mangroves receive nothing from fish.
Parasitism •Benefits one species but does definite harm to the other.
Parasites make home and take nutrients from other animals, the host loses nutrients to the parasite.
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Pyramid of Energy- Water Organisms
Algae, Plankton (producer)
Fish (consumer)
Bigger Fish (predator)
Shark (top predator)
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Pyramid of Energy- Land Organisms
Plants (Producer)
Bugs (Consumer)
Reptiles (Predator)
Birds (Top Predator)
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Yearly Temperature – Summerland Key
70 71
74
77
8183 84 84 83
80
76
72
60
65
70
75
80
85
Temp
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
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Yearly Precipitation- Summerland Key
2 1.8 1.7 1.8
3.5
5.1
3.6
5
5.9
4.4
2.82
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Inches
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Months
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Water pH• The pH of a substance is based on the basic or
acidic level.
• The pH scale ranges from 0 – 14. 7 is neutral, any anything below is acidic, anything above is basic.
• The higher the number the more basic the substance is, the lower the number the more acidic.
• The habitat’s pH remained constant at 8.4
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Unique Site Factors• Diversity of plants and animals
• Hardly any pollution in the air or water (pollution exists on land)
• Various organisms in the site (not apparent at first glance)
• Accessible by water or land
• The Upside Down Jelly Fish (Cassiopea medusa) is most abundant organism
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Limiting Factors•Nesting sites •Drought •Rain •Sunlight •Soil •Predation
•Human–Pollution (land; spill off)–Watercraft Activities–Diving–Fishing
•Food•Water•Air•Living space•Mates
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Ecologically Sensitive/Endangered Organisms
•No Sensitive or endangered organisms were noted at the habitat site.
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Human Impact• Trash – Negative Impact
– It can kill animals; i.e. plastic can be swallowed or entangle species
• Motor props - Negative Impact– Kill organisms on sea floor
• Mangroves – Positive Impact– Under protection by law
• Diving/snorkeling – Negative & Positive Impact– May interfere with the sensitive species due to
touching, gathering specimen, etc. – Humans increase their knowledge and awareness
of sensitive environment• Fishing – Negative Impact
– May over fish and deplete species, interfering with food web cycle
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Human Impact•At Habitat Site: I found lots of dead fish. These provided food for other animals, making it a positive impact for them, but too many were killed for no apparent reason and would lay there and rot. This is a negative impact.
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Levels of Biological Organization
Medusa Organism – Single individual from a population.
SeveralMedusas
Population – All of the individuals of one species that live and reproduce in the same area and at the same time.
Medusa, Hermit Crabs, Pinfish
Community – Populations of different species that interact in some way
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Levels of Biological Organization
Air, Water, Soil, Sun Ecosystem – Communities and the abiotic factors that affect them
Biosphere – highest level of biological organization which includes the earth’s crust, the waters and a portion of the atmosphere.
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Bibliography1. www.floridaseagrassecosystem.com-4/8
2.www.yahoopictures.com-4/10
3. www.supersiteusa-marinelifeimages.com-4/13
4. www.kapili.com-4/15
5. www.mbr.nbs.gov-4/20
6. www.weather.com-4/29
7. Publication-Science Voyages-4/8-5/3
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The End