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THE CONTESTED PLAINS
I. The Rifle and the Peace Pipe.A. Red Cloud’s War.B. The Great Peace Commission and its
Treaties.C. The Aftermath of Sand Creek.D. Crow, Arikara, and Pawnee Scouts.
II. The “Peace Policy” and the End of Military Resistance on the Plains.
A. Phil Sheridan and His Tactics.B. The Red River War, 1874.C. The Great Sioux War, 1876-77.
III. The End of the Indian Wars.
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I. The Rifle and the Peace I. The Rifle and the Peace Pipe.Pipe.
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A. Red Cloud’s War.A. Red Cloud’s War.
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Lakota ExpansionLakota Expansion
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Lakota Dominance Lakota Dominance 1800-1870s1800-1870s
Lakota Raiding PartySitting Bull
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Red Cloud’s War
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Fetterman Massacre
December 21, 1866
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B. The Great Peace B. The Great Peace Commission and its Commission and its
Treaties.Treaties.
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The Doolittle Report.The Doolittle Report. Indians were in rapid
decline because of contact with whites and their vices.
White encroachments were the cause of nearly all Indian-white conflict in the West.
Reservations offered the only solution to save the Indian.
Civilian authorities, not the military, should oversee the assimilation of Indians on the reservations.
Sen. James R. Doolittle
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Peace Commission of 1867-Peace Commission of 1867-1868.1868.
Fort Laramie Council
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C. The Aftermath C. The Aftermath of Sand Creek.of Sand Creek.
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Smoldering Conflict
Julesburg, Colorado attacked twice in retaliation for Sand Creek.
Treaty of the Little Arkansas in October 1865.
Rumors of renewed hostility lead to Winfield Scott Hancock’s campaign in Spring 1867.
Medicine Lodge Creek Treaty in October 1867.
Sand Creek Massacre, November 29, 1864
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Battle of Beecher’s Island
September 17, 1868
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Summit SpringsJuly 11, 1869
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D. Crow, Arikara, and D. Crow, Arikara, and Pawnee Scouts.Pawnee Scouts.
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Wolves for Blue Soldiers
Throughout the history of the Indian Wars numerous Native groups chose to act as scouts for the United States.
On the Great Plains the most famous came from three peoples. In each case they had long standing conflicts with the expanding Lakotas and their allies.
Outlet for Warrior culture as well as pay are also factors.
Bloody Knife, Arikara
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Crow Scouts at the Little Bighorn
White-Man-Runs-Him, Hairy Moccasin, Curly, and Goes Ahead visit battlefield, 1913.
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Custer’s Crow Scouts in 1908 Edward S. Curtis Photograph.
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North’s Pawnee Scouts
James R MurieCaptain Jim
John Buffalo John Box High Eagle Seeing Eagle
Belly Osborne
Surviving Pawnee Scouts, 1911
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Phil Sheridan and his Senior Officers
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Destruction of the Buffalo
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Site of Marias or Baker Massacre
January 23, 1870
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B. The Red River B. The Red River War, 1874.War, 1874.
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The Red River War
Kiowa Illustration of Buffalo Wallow Fight
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C. The Great Sioux C. The Great Sioux War, 1876-77.War, 1876-77.
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Seventh Cavalry Expedition in Black Hills, 1874
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Sitting Bull, Hunkpapa Lakota
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Gall, Lakota
TwoMoons, CheyenneRain in the FaceLakota
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Lakota Prisoners after Battle of Slim Buttes
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III. The End of the III. The End of the Indian Wars.Indian Wars.
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Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War
1877
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The Flight of the Nez Perce
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Camp Grant Massacre, April 30, 1871
Photo of Trial in Tucson
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Geronimo meets with Gen. George Crook.
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Geronimo (right) and Apache Warriors
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