Download - The Criminal Justice Process
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The Criminal Justice Process
Mark Telford
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Crime Control and Due Process
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Herbert Packer, The Limits of the Criminal Sanction, 1968, Stanford University Press.
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Crime Control Due Process
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Crime Control Model
Aims & objectives
• The purpose of criminal justice is to ensure security and freedom for citizens
• Through the repression of criminal conduct
• By efficiently producing a high rate of detection, conviction and punishment of offenders
• Efficient exoneration of the factually innocent (though accepts that tolerable levels of efficiency will mean that some mistakes happen)
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Crime Control Model
Mechanisms
• Trust in police to reliably determine factual innocence or guilt
• Trust in pre-trial informal administrative procedures and decision making rather than courts
• No necessary exclusion of evidence obtained through improper means
• Speedy, uniform and routine procedures
• Minimal opportunity for challenge
• Mass production of guilty pleas
• Resembles assembly-line conveyor belt in operation
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Crime Control Due Process
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Crime Control ModelDirty Harry - Do you feel lucky?
24’s Jack Bauer
Jude Dredd
‘I am the law’
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Due Process Model
Aims and Objectives
• Maintaining a scepticism about the efficacy of the criminal sanction
• ‘The aim of the process is at least as much to protect the factually innocent as it is to convict the factually guilty’
• Upholding the primacy of the individual
• Giving high priority to the protection of civil liberties as an end in itself
• Placing limits upon the use (and abuse) of official power
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Due Process Model
Mechanisms
• Distrust of reliability of police adjudication
• Demands finding of formalised ‘legal guilt’
• Presumption of innocence
• Exclusion of evidence obtained through improper means
• A right to legal advice and representation
• Many opportunities for appeal and redress
• Resembles an obstacle course in operation
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Crime Control Due Process
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Due Process Model
Atticus Finch in ‘To Kill a Mocking Bird’
‘I want the truth!’ A Few
Good Men
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Police Stop and Search
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Stop and Search• Background – The Confait Affair
• Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure, 1981 (The Phillips Commission)
• Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984
• Associated Codes of Practice
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PACE 1984, section 1 (+Code A)• Stop and search powers
• ‘reasonable suspicion’
• any person carrying stolen items or other prohibited items (e.g. an offensive weapon)
• requires ‘objective basis’ for reasonable suspicion
• not personal factors alone
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Objective Criteria for ‘reasonable suspicion’• ‘information received’ on someone
• someone ‘acting covertly or warily’
• someone ‘carrying a certain type of article at an unusual time or place’ where there have been relevant crimes recently
• Contrast the legal position with policing working practices
• Terrorism Act 2000, section 44 (Gillan & Quinton v. UK)
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Detention and interrogation in the police station
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PACE 1984 – Detention only:
• Authorised by specialist ‘custody officer’
• in order to charge the suspect
• where there is insufficient evidence to charge the suspect, in order to secure that extra evidence but only where ‘necessary’
• anyone at a police station should either be free to leave at will, or be under arrest.
• Time Limits (24, 36 or, with court order, 96 hours)
• Contrast ‘law in books’ with ‘law in action’
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Access to Legal Advice- PACE 1984• S. 58(1) A person arrested…shall be entitled, if he so
requests, to consult a solicitor privately at any time…
• S.58 (4) If a person makes such a request, he must be permitted to consult a solicitor as soon as is practicable
suspect must be informed (and given written notice) by the custody officer of his right to see a lawyer and that this will be free of charge
Contrast ‘law in books’ with ‘law in action’
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Right to legal advice?• some suspects are simply not informed of their
rights
• some suspects’ requests are denied, ignored, or simply not acted upon
• the police use various tactics to attempt to dissuade suspects from seeking advice and to persuade them to cancel their requests
• Many suspects have negative attitudes towards defence solicitors