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THE DARFUR CONFLICT
A HUMANITARIAN DISASTER
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KEY FIGURES…
400,000 people died 2 million have been driven from their homes
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TABLE OF CONTENTS…
Geography Background Chronology of facts International response Conclusion
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GEOGRAPHY
3 tribes:The FurThe MasalitThe Zaghawa
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BACKGROUND…
Inequity between the center of the country (regions along the Nile) and the rest of the country such as Darfur
Environmental disaster Political opportunism Regional geopolitics
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BACKGROUND… Early 15th century: establishment of a sultanate which
gave Islam the status of « state religion » Conquest by the Turco-Egyptian force expanding along
the Nile defeated by another self-proclaimed state called
« Mahdi » Mahdist state collapsed under the onslaught of the
British force: creation of a British-Egyptian condominium Autonomy of Darfur until 1916: incorporation to Sudan Nile valley received the bulk of British investment Arab-African dichotomy
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BACKGROUND…
Interactions between Sudan, Lybia and Chad Establishment of Darfur as a rear base (decided by Sudanese preseident)
1983-84: famine
Civil war
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BACKGROUND… In 2003:
•Government
•Janjaweed Militia
(the leader is the former officer of the Sudanese army)
•Justice Equality Movement (JEM) associated with the Fur, Masalit and a clan of Zaghawa
•Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) associated with another clan of Zaghawa
Sudanese armies bombed the villages of Darfur
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CHRONOLOGY OF FACTS…
April 2004: ceasefire declared between the Sudanese government and JEM and SLMKofi ANAN: « the risk of genocide is frighteningly real in Darfur
May 2006: agreement signed by the Sudanese governement and the faction of the SLA (Sudan Liberation Army=the military branch of the SLM) but rejected by the JEM and a rival faction of the SLA.
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CHRONOLOGY OF FACTS…
July-August 2006: fighting started again – Kofi Anan suggested to bring a force of 17,000 international peacekeepers to replace the African Union force of 7,000
Sudan opposed August 24th: UNSC meeting with its plan of sending
10,000 Sudanese soldiers instead ot the proposed 20,000 peacekeeping force but Sudan refused to attend this meeting
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CHRONOLOGY OF FACTS…
August 31st: UNSC resolution to send a new peacekeeping force of 20,000
strong opposition of Sudan September 5th: Sudan wants the AU to
leave the region. The AU mandates expires on September 30th but might remain passed the deadline
October-November: deterioration of the situation which extend to Chad and the Central African Republic. Vote for the extension of the UN mission in Sudan until April 30th 2007.
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INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE… Beginning with reports of Amnesty International and the
International Crisis Group Medias cover the events since 2004 September 2004: the UNSC calls for a Commission of
Inquiry (Resolution 1564)
« genocidal intent appears to be missing » March 2005: UNSC refers to the International Criminal
Court In 2006: criticism of the international response, great
powers have different interests in Sudan. Oil-bearing interests of the USA, Great Britain, China…
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CONCLUSION…
The interests of great powers seems to be an obstacle
The right of interference is questionned