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The Deep Carbon Observatory:Progress & Challenges
Jesse H. AusubelThe Rockefeller University
Alfred P. Sloan FoundationNew York
5 February 2014
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A 10-year global quest to discover the quantity, movements, origins, and forms of Earth’s deep carbon; to probe the secrets of volcanoes and diamonds, sources of gas and oil, and life’s deep limits and origins; and to report the known, unknown, and unknowable by 2019.
The DCO aims to create legacies of instruments measuring at great depths, temperatures, and pressures; networks sensingfluxes of carbon-containing gases and fluids between the depths and the surface; open access databases about deep carbon; deep carbon researchers integrating geology, physics, chemistry, and biology; insights improving energy systems; and a public more engaged with deep carbon science.
Mission
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Why Carbon?
• the element of life• source of most of our energy• leading role in climate change• leading role in natural hazards (earthquakes,
volcanoes)• magic of gemstones
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Why Deep Carbon?
Ignorance of• quantities (size of reservoirs)• movements (fluxes)• origins (of hydrocarbons, life, diamonds)• forms (4,000 may exist)
2008 Workshop “Deep Carbon Cycle”
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Three examples of exciting work
A “big data” approach to all earthquakes & volcanic eruptions
Liz Cottrell
Diffuse emissions of methane over the USA
Claudia Mora
Tomography of a rock
Wendy Mao
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Short video by Dr. Liz Cottrellof Smithsonian Natural History Museumof all earthquakes and eruptions 1960‐2005 (made for $3,000)
https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes‐u/volcanoes‐with‐liz/id466857312
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CO2 Earth degassing in Central Italy
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Synchrotron radiation (photon) imaging of mineral at temperature & pressure of mantle shows iron spheres within olivine rock.Pressure: 6 GPa(~100 miles deep)Temp: 2073 KCan use to learn ifmantle & core rocks hold carbon
Source: Wendy Mao
Rock tomography in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell - 11-second video
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Overview of goals & early findings of 4 DCO Communities
• Deep Life
• Reservoirs and Fluxes
• Deep Energy
• Extreme Physics and Chemistry
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Deep Life Goals
Explore evolutionary and functional diversity of Earth’s deep biosphere and its interaction with the carbon cycle• Determine processes that
define diversity and distribution of deep life, make new estimates
• Determine environmental limits of life, seek origins
• Determine interactions between deep life and carbon cycling
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Cover article FEBRUARY 2012 VOL 5NATURE GEOSCIENCE
Bénédicte Ménez, Valerio Pasini& Daniele Brunelli
Life in the Hydrated Suboceanic Mantle
Finding from Deep Life Community
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Aerobic Microbial Respiration in 86-Million-Year-Old Deep-Sea Red Clay
18 MAY 2012 VOL 336 SCIENCE
Hans Ray, Jens Kallmeyer, Rishi Ram Adhikari, Robert Pockalny, Bo Barker Jorgensen & Steven D’Hondt
Scientific Findings
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17 MAY 2012 THE WASHINGTON POST
Ancient life, potentially millions of years old and barely alive, found beneath ocean floorJoel Achenbach
Finding from Deep Life Community
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Reservoirs and Fluxes GoalsIdentify principal deep carbon reservoirs, determine mechanisms & rates by which carbon moves among reservoirs, and assess total carbon budget of Earth
• Establish continuous open-access monitoring of volcanic gas emissions
• Determine distribution of carbon in Earth’s deep interior
• Determine seafloor carbon budget and global rates of carbon input into subduction zones
• Estimate net direction andmagnitude of tectonic carbonfluxes from mantle and crust toatmosphere
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158/15/2014
Advancing technology for assessing quantities:Gamma ray spectroscopy log acquisition & interpretation
Energy
Coun
ts
Spectral acquisition
Spectral stripping
Closure Petrophysics
Spectra, every depth level Elemental yields Elemental dry
weights
• Organic carbon• Mineralogy• Matrix density
Inelastic
Capture
Si Ca Fe Mg S Al K Na Mn Ti Gd CDe
pth
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Redox Heterogeneity in Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts as a Function of Mantle Source
Cover 14 JUNE 2013 VOL 340 SCIENCE
Elizabeth Cottrell, Katherine A. Kelley
Finding from Reservoirs & Fluxes Community
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Graphite Formation by Carbonate Reduction During Subduction
Cover JUNE 2013 VOL 6 NATURE GEOSCIENCE
Matthieu Galvez, Olivier Beyssac, Isabelle Martinez, Karin Benzerara, CarineChaduteau, Benjamin Malvoisin, JaquesMalavieille
Finding from Reservoirs & Fluxes Community
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Extreme Physics and Chemistry Goals
Transform understanding of behavior of carbon at extreme conditions, as in deep interiors of Earth & other planets.
• Inventory forms of carbon throughout interior• Achieve basic understanding of carbon in Earth’s core• Characterize physical & thermo-
chemical properties of deep-Earth phases at relevant P-T conditions
• Develop environmental chambers to access samples in new P-T regimes under controlled conditions & withincreased sample volumes & enhancedanalysis and recovery capabilities
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MARCH 2013 VOL 110 PNAS
Ding Pan, Leanardo Spanu, Bandon Harrison, Dimitri A. Sverjensky, and Giulia Galli
Dielectric properties of water under extreme conditions and transport of carbonates in the deep Earth
Scientific Findings
Craig E. Manning
Deep water gives up another secretCommentary on “Dielectric properties of water under extreme conditions and transport of carbonates in the deep Earth” (Pan et al, PNAS, 2013)
Findings from Extreme P&C community
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Water in the Deep Earth: The Dielectric Constant and the Solubilities of Quartz and Corundum to 60 kb and 1,200°C
GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA 31 Dec 2013
Dimitri Sverjensky, Brandon Harrison, David Azzolini
60 kilobars pressure = 120 miles below the surface
Finding from Extreme P&Ccommunity
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Deep Energy GoalsQuantify conditions and processes from molecular to global controlling volumes, rates of generation, and reactivity of organic compounds derived from carbon through geologic time
• Conduct field investigations to determine processes controlling origin, rates of production, migration and transformation of abiotic gases and organic species in Earth’s crust and mantle
• Develop techniques to resolve contributions of abiotic & biotic processes
• Explore nature of organic molecule-mineralinterfaces at crustal, upper mantle conditions
• Determine nature & extent of abiotic reactions, leading to deep organic compounds & H2 synthesis (serpentinization)
Methane lake on Titan
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Aluminum Speeds up the Hydrothermal Alteration of Olivine
OCTOBER 2013 VOL 98 AMERICAN MINERALOGIST
Muriel Andreani, Isabelle Daniel, Marion Pollet-Villard
Finding from Deep Energy community
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MAY 2013 VOL 5 NATURE GEOSCIENCE
L.E. Mayhew, E.T. Ellison, T.M. McCollom, T. P. Trainor & A.S. Templeton
Hydrogen generation from low-temperaturewater–rock reactions
Steven D’Hondt
Geochemistry: Subsurface SustenanceCommentary on “Hydrogen generation from low-temperature water–rock reactions” (Mayhew et al, Nature Geoscience, 2013)
Findings from Deep Energycommunity
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Methane Provenance
Etiope & Sherwood Lollar (2013)
Emerging view on possibilities forabiotic and biotic methane (CH4)
FTT = Fischer-Tropsch-Type
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Why instruments matter: To find origins of methane
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-500
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
-65 -55 -45 -35 -25 -15
DCH
4(‰
)D
CH4(‰
)
13CCH4 (‰)13CCH4 (‰)
Thermogenic
Microbial
Isotopes & the origins of CH4
MixingMixing
Deep Carbon ObservatoryDeep Carbon Observatory
Abiogenic CH4 (experiments and field)
Mantle
Serpentinization
E. Young, after B. Sherwood Lollar
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High mass-resolution gas-source mass spectrometerCan distinguish rare isotopes, tiny differences
Deep Carbon ObservatoryDeep Carbon Observatory
Saw 1st light in December 2013Installation at UCLA in June
Supported by Sloan,Shell, DOE, NSF
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Shuhei Ono, MIT with AerodyneNew Quantum Cascade LaserTunable to rare methane isotopes
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New instruments: A key to discoveryDetecting the deep biosphere: An in-situ tool for the search for life
Volcanic Carbon Atmospheric Flux Experiment (V-CAFÉ): Development of instrumentation for volcanic carbon flux monitoring
Next generation sensors for monitoring volcanic carbon fluxAdrian Jones, University College London
Advanced synchrotron x-ray spectrometer for deep carbon
High P-T device for experimental studies of hydrocarbons
Modified gas chromatograph for experimental studies of hydrocarbons
Katrina Edwards, University of Southern California
Tobias Fischer, University of New Mexico
Wendy Mao, Stanford University
Vadim Brazhkin, Russian Academy of Sciences
Vladimir Kutcherov, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology
Sloan helped development > a dozen Instruments, most now operating
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New instruments: A key to discovery (2)Combined Instrument for Molecular Imaging in Geochemistry (CMIG)
Andrew Steele, Carnegie/Smithsonian Institution
Novel large-volume diamond anvil cell Malcolm Guthrie, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Development of ultrafast laser instrument for in situ measurements of thermodynamic properties of carbon-bearing fluids and crystalline materials
Alexander Goncharov, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Transporter for High-P and T Biological samples Isabelle Daniel, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1
DCO Computer Cluster Peter Fox, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
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New instruments: A key to discovery
DCO Computer Cluster
• Installed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, DCO Computer Cluster available to all DCO researchers
• Linux cluster can run wide variety of scientific programs aimed at modeling chemical and physical processes in deep Earth and carrying out data analyses
• PSSC Labs PowerWulf MMx Cluster with 640 Intel® Xeon® 2.4 GHz Compute Processor Cores and 544GB System Memory - 1GB Memory Per Compute Processor Core
• 154TB of System Storage, a high-speed internal InfiniBand network, and a fast backup system
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History 2007 May: Ausubel reads Robert Hazen’s book Genesis, hears Hazen lecture, impressed
by clarity per research agenda for Deep Carbon CycleJuly: Hazen (Carnegie Institution of Washington, CIW) submits to Sloan“Deep Carbon Cycle” scoping proposal
2008 May: Deep Carbon Cycle Workshop in Wash DC with 115 people from 12 countries, attended by Joskow, Ausubel
July: Ausubel presents Deep Carbon Concept Paper at Sloan “Off‐site” strategysession
Sept: Ausubel presents Deep Carbon Observatory White Paper to Sloan staffDec: Trustees approve program concept at Board meeting
2009 Jan: Advisory Committee convenedMarch: CIW submits invited Deep Carbon Observatory Trustee proposalJune: Trustees approve CIW proposal after staff & external reviewJuly: DCO 10‐year program formally announcedSept: DCO Secretariat established Geophysical Lab, CIW
2010‐2011: 4 thematic Communities created to conduct program2012 Data Science and Engagement teams created2013 First “All Program” meeting at US NAS, open access baseline report published
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DCO StructureExecutive Committee
Scientific Steering Committees
• Deep Life
• Reservoirs and Fluxes
• Deep Energy
• Extreme Physics and Chemistry
Secretariat
Data Science Team
Engagement Team
Robert Hazen & Rus Hemley, visionary founders, Carnegie Institution of Washington, HQ for Secretariat
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Using Milestones and Risk Register
1) Participation (number of involved researchers, countries)2) Proposals submitted & commitments (money, samples, ship-
time, etc.)3) Partnerships - with professional societies (eg AGU), private
sector (eg Shell), educators/communicators (SmithsonianNatural History Museum)
4) Program management (decadal goals, Exec Comm mtgs & calls& prompt minutes, annual reporting, archiving) http://deepcarbon.net/group/dco-secretariat
5) Research outputs (protocols, observations, papers, talks,workshops)
6) Engagement (use of tools, bibliography, “people”, print media,traffic)
7) Data science (deposition of data, easy retrieval, etc.)8) Results & outcomes (monitoring systems, DCO imitation, covers
of journals, promotions, honors)
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2014-2015 Challenges
1) Avoiding sprawl2) Keeping good international & program balance3) Growing modeling activities4) Launching visualization with key partners5) Evaluation & Reporting
-- 5-year review planned for June 2014, 3-person teamwith no prior involvement in program
-- Introduction of synchronized reporting in August 2014-- “Mid-term” program report ~December 2014
5) Improving physical sample strategy6) Starting 2019 planning, integration7) Starting to consider the “so what?” questions8) Keeping eyes on legacies
Will give examples of those in red
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2013 DCO International Workshops and Meetings
Challenge: Keeping good international balance
40%‐50% of DCO meetings in USA
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Challenge: Reporting
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Challenge: Field studies & sampling within core repositories
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Volume of US Data & CollectionsUNITS TOTAL #
Core (ice) tubes 14,500Core (rock/sediment)boxes 8,015,715Cuttings boxes 10,402,000Fossils specimens 122,935,000Geochem’l analyses paper 1,750,000Minerals/Rocks specimens 828,000Other well records variety 2,045,000Scout tickets variety 21,960,350Seismic (2- & 3-D) miles & miles2 357,270,149Thin sections slides 647,000Velocity surveys paper & digital 87,500Washed residues bags 180,000Well logs variety 6,021,700
NRC, 2002
2002 NRC Report
Make sure DCO uses good practice & existing samples
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DCO Early Career Scientist Workshop
Close to 40 participants from 14 countries Over 90 applicants from 24 countries
San José, Costa Rica
Legacy: Foster early careers
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DCO Summer School
Big Sky facility, MontanaFieldwork in Yellowstone National Park
July 2014
Five-day residential graduate course
Legacy: Foster early careers
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Lessons so far
1) Archive from the outset2) Build & share instruments in a timely way3) Commit to open access4) Use a Baseline Report early (‘the Known”)5) Use unifying power of data science & management6) Start “engagement” early, identity helps attract, build
community; convenience matters7) Use milestones & risk register8) Value partnerships 9) Organize field work plans far in advance10) Attend to synthesis (and modeling) in a timely way11) Hold dedicated activities for early career people12) Value Sloan’s internal & external review & advisory
processes13) Avoid (premature) policy, maintain careful relations with
advocacy groups, industries
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• Released 5 March 2013• Open Access• 20 chapters• 700 pages• 51 co-authors from 11
countries
Gave community early common goal & success
• More than 500 news stories in 42 countries and 12 languages
• More than 700,000 chapters have been downloaded
Baseline Report: The Known & Unknown
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Schematic of DCO.NET
Challenge: Theory to underlie website design
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16 MAY 2013 VOL 497 NATURE
G. Holland, B. Sherwood Lollar, L. Li, G. Lacrampe-Couloume, G.F. Slater & C.J. Ballentine
Deep fracture fluids isolated in the crust since the Precambrian era
“Oldest water” story goes wild with no DCO PR
“Engagement” means being preparedfor public interest
DCO website had easy links to theauthors, abstract, and images and was quickly supplemented when story went viral
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Global press attention for “World’s Oldest Water”
#4 in Fox News 10 best science stories of 2013http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/12/31/10‐best‐science‐stories‐2013/
Pride in making top science news,People want to be in something exciting
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Photo credit
Sloan Foundation Fuel Grants: 33 since 2007, total $25,540,000
Program development 1,160,000Secretariat 7,250,000Instruments 2,700,000Deep Life 3,450,000Reservoirs & Fluxes 3,000,000Deep Energy 2,800,000Extreme Physics & Chemistry 2,750,000Data science 870,000Engagement 929,000Synthesis & modeling 466,000Early career 160,000
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Not least: It helps the work is excitingField measurements on Mt. Etna, Sept 2013Largest single geological source of CO2
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A global questof 1000researchers from 40 nations
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A 10-year global quest to discover the quantity, movements, origins, and forms of Earth’s deep carbon; to probe the secrets of volcanoes and diamonds, sources of gas and oil, and life’s deep limits and origins; and to report the known, unknown, and unknowable by 2019.
The DCO aims to create legacies of instruments measuring at great depths, temperatures, and pressures; networks sensingfluxes of carbon-containing gases and fluids between the depths and the surface; open access databases about deep carbon; deep carbon researchers integrating geology, physics, chemistry, and biology; insights improving energy systems; and a public more engaged with deep carbon science.
Mission
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