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The Development of Cancer
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http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem227/nucleicfunction/cancer/cancer.html
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http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem227/nucleicfunction/cancer/cancer.html
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The Limbic System
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Cerebral Cortex Thought Limbic System Emotion Thamalus Behavior Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons <--> Cerebellum Basic Body Medulla Functions Spinal Cord Reflexes
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Blood-Brain Barrier
http://psych.unn.ac.uk/users/nick/BBBpp08/img009.jpg
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What triggers Na+ channel opening?Mechanical (or physical) stimuli
Eg: heat, pressure, vibration, etc. Called mechanically gated Na+ channelsFound in sensory neurons
Binding of neurotransmitter to a receptorAllows signal to move from neuron to neuronCalled ligand-gated Na+ channelsFound on interneurons and efferent neurons
The opening of these types of sodium channels causes a graded potential, which has variable shape and size depending on the strength of the stimulus.
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What triggers Na+ channel opening?(continued)
A change in the membrane potentialIf the sum of the graded potentials caused by mechanical- or ligand-gated channels is sufficient to depolarize the neuron to threshold, then a large number of voltage-gated sodium channels will open, causing an action potential.
The action potential then leads to the release of neurotransmitter, allowing communication between neurons.
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Myelin speeds the rate of neurotransmission, and reduces
the energy consumption of neurons
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http://www.drugdevelopment-technology.com/projects/rasagiline/rasagiline1.html
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Major Neurotransmitters
Small MoleculesNeuropeptides
AcetylcholineNitric OxideBiogenic AminesEpinephrineNorepineprineDopamineSerotoninHistamineAmino AcidsGlutamateAminobutyric Acid (GABA)GlycineAspartateHomocysteineTaurineNucleotidesAdenosineAdenosine triphosphate
Hypothalamic Releasing HormonesCorticotrophic Releasing Hormone
Growth Hormone Releasing HormoneThyrotrophin Releasing Hormone
Pituitary Peptidesß endorphins
OxytoxinVasopressin
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Growth HormoneGastrointestinal Peptides
SecretinSubstance P
InsulinGastrin
NeurotensinSomatostatin
CholecystokininOthers
AngiotensinBradykinin
Neuropeptide YCalcitonin