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The Domestic Asset Protection Trust: Incomplete Gift and Completed Gift Opportunities
Michael W. Halloran, CFP®, AEP®, ChFC®, CLU®1301 Riverplace Blvd., Suite 2540
Jacksonville, FL 32207Phone: 904-399-8308
Fax: 904-399-8464Website: www.mike-halloran.comEmail: [email protected]
Copyright © 2010-2012 by Steven J. Oshins. All rights reserved.
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Asset Protection Planning
• Asset protection planning is a form of insurance– You insure your car– You insure your house– You insure your health– You insure your life– So you should also “insure” your assets
• Our goal is to structure your assets to either:– Avoid a lawsuit altogether; or– Settle a dispute for less than what is owed
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Domestic Asset Protection Trust
• A DAPT is a U.S. asset protection trust in which the trust grantor is a permissible beneficiary
• Thirteen states allow DAPTs– 2-yr. statute of limitations – Nevada, Hawaii– 3-yr. statute of limitations – South Dakota, Utah– 4-yr. statute of limitations – All other states
• Preexisting creditors versus non-preexisting creditors
• Fraudulent conveyance laws – transfer with the intent to hinder, defraud or delay
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Statutory Exception Creditors
• Twelve of thirteen states have statutory exception creditors – Such as divorcing spouses– Such as preexisting tort creditors
• Nevada = only state with no statutory exception creditors
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Ranking the States’ DAPT Laws
• Forbes Magazine published an article on DAPTs in 2010 assigning letter grades as follows:
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The Big Four Asset Protection Trust States: Nevada Ranked #1
Ranking/
Forbes Grade
State Statute of Limitations?
Available to Spouse Creditor?
Available to Pre-existing
Tort Creditor?
State Income Tax?
1/A+ Nevada 2 Years No No No
2/A Alaska 4 Years Yes No No
3/A- South Dakota
3 Years Yes No No
4/A- Delaware 4 Years Yes Yes No (Just on
Residents)
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Just How Good is Nevada Law?
• "It would be a cruel and unwanted result if someone from a non-DAPT state chose to set up a DAPT in Alaska or Delaware and had a creditor reach the DAPT assets more than two years after the transfer. So an attorney advising a client on where to set up a DAPT may be risking a malpractice claim by not making a client aware of the Nevada advantage.“
-Robert L. Moshman, Esq., The Estate Analyst (Nov. 2010)
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Delaware Asset Protection Trust
• Prehistoric Laws (Bedrock, Delaware??)– 4-Year Statute of Limitations– Divorcing Spouses can Pierce Trust– Preexisting Tort Creditors can Pierce Trust
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South Dakota Asset Protection Trust
• Better than Delaware, but…– 3-Year Statute of Limitations– Divorcing Spouses can pierce trust
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South Dakota Asset Protection Trust
• Better than Delaware, but…– 3-Year Statute of Limitations– Divorcing Spouses can pierce trust– Sorry, but trying to hide from your spouse won’t
work!
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Alaska Asset Protection Trust
• Better than Delaware, but…– 4-Year Statute of Limitations– Divorcing Spouses can pierce trust (lose your
igloo to your spouse?)
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Nevada Asset Protection Trust
• The best laws – No other state even close– 2-Year Statute of Limitations– No statutory exception creditors
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Nevada Asset Protection Trust - Powers
• Grantor can be an investment trustee per NRS 166.040.3
• Grantor cannot be distribution trustee per NRS 166.040.2(b)
• At least one trustee must be Nevada natural person, trust company or bank per NRS 166.015.2
• Grantor can retain power to fire and hire trustees per NRS 166.040.3
• Grantor can retain veto power and testamentary poa per NRS 166.040.2(a)
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NAPT – Incomplete Gift Version
• The most common form of the Nevada Asset Protection Trust– Pure asset protection planning– No estate tax planning
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Nevada Asset Protection Trust with No LLCs:Example - $2 million
Nevada Asset Protection Trust
Assets in Client’s Name
$1 million
Protected in two years
Not protected at all
$1 million
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Here Comes the Creditor!!!
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Nevada Asset Protection Trust with No LLCs:Example - $2 million
Nevada Asset Protection Trust
Protected in two years
First two years: $2 million lost
After two years: $1 million lost
$1 million
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Nevada Limited Liability Company
• Nevada law makes the “charging order” the exclusive remedy of a judgment creditor
• A “charging order” is a lien• So a creditor can only get a lien on the LLC
membership interest and can’t force a distribution
• Let’s combine this with the NAPT
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Nevada Asset Protection Trust with One LLC:Example - $2 million
Nevada Asset Protection Trust
Nevada LLC
Client = 1% votingNAPT = 99% non-voting
$1 million
Assets in Client’s Name
$1 million
Immediate charging order protection
Not protected at all
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Here Comes the Creditor!!!
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Nevada Asset Protection Trust with One LLC:Example - $2 million
Nevada Asset Protection Trust
Nevada LLC
Client = 1% votingNAPT = 99% non-voting
$1 million
Immediate charging order protection
$1 million lost
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Nevada Asset Protection Trust with Two LLCs:Example - $2 million
Nevada Asset Protection Trust
Nevada LLC #1
Client = 1% votingNAPT = 99% non-voting
$1 million
Nevada LLC #2
Client = 1% voting / 98% non-votingLLC #1 = 1% non-voting
$1 million
“Rainy Day” LLC
“Live Out Of” LLC
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Here Comes the Creditor!!!
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Nevada Asset Protection Trust with Two LLCs:Example - $2 million
Nevada LLC #1
Client = 1% votingNAPT = 99% non-voting
$1 million
Nevada LLC #2
Client = 1% voting / 98% non-votingLLC #1 = 1% non-voting
$1 million
“Rainy Day” LLC “Live Out Of” LLC
Creditor NAPT Creditor LLC #11% charging order (lien) 99% 99% charging order (lien) 1%
TURN SPIGOT ON TURN SPIGOT OFF “RAINY DAY” LLC “LIVE OUT OF” LLC
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Where do we put High Cash Value Life Insurance?
Nevada LLC #1
Client = 1% votingNAPT = 99% non-voting
Cash / Securities / Real Estate /Cash Value Life Insurance / Etc.
Nevada LLC #2
Client = 1% voting / 98% non-votingLLC #1 = 1% non-voting
Cash / Securities / Real Estate /Cash Value Life Insurance / Etc.
“Rainy Day” LLC “Live Out Of” LLC
Creditor NAPT Creditor LLC #11% charging order (lien) 99% 99% charging order (lien) 1%
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Where do we put High Death Benefit Life Insurance?
Nevada LLC #1
Client = 1% votingNAPT = 99% non-voting
Cash / Securities / Real Estate /Cash Value Life Insurance / Etc.
Nevada LLC #2
Client = 1% voting / 98% non-votingLLC #1 = 1% non-voting
Cash / Securities / Real Estate /Cash Value Life Insurance / Etc.
“Rainy Day” LLC “Live Out Of” LLC
Creditor NAPT Creditor LLC #11% charging order (lien) 99% 99% charging order (lien) 1%
Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust(provides liquidity to pay estate taxes)
Client
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NAPT – Completed Gift Version
• Not as common as the incomplete gift version of the Nevada Asset Protection Trust
• Let’s focus on how the CG NAPT can work with life insurance
• Can we have our cake and eat it too?
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High Cash Value Insurance?
• High death benefit life insurance is generally owned by an ILIT
• High cash value life insurance is often left in insured’s estate
• The wrong move?– Advisor scrutiny– Wrong move for estate tax purposes– Creditor protection
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High Cash Value Insurance - Solution
• Can we have our cake and eat it too?– Completed gift– Ability to access cash value– Protected from creditors– Not subject to estate taxes
• PLR 200944002 (9/30/09)– Alaska resident / Alaska DAPT (4-yr. SOL)– Nevada resident / Nevada DAPT (2-yr. SOL)– Non-resident / Nevada DAPT?
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High Cash Value Insurance - Solution
• What if the trust assets are includible in the grantor’s estate under IRC Sec. 2036 (transfer with a retained interest)?
• Solution: Give trust protector the power to remove grantor as a beneficiary
• IRC Sec. 2035: Remove grantor as a beneficiary more than three years before death, so no estate inclusion
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Third-Party Irrevocable Trusts
• Third-party trusts are irrevocable trusts in which the grantor is not a beneficiary
• The $5.12M (as of 2012) gift tax exemption opens up huge opportunities– Use a transfer tax strategy as an asset
protection tool– Trust for spouse and descendants– Trust for descendants
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Trust for Spouse and Descendants
• Grantor retains the power to fire and hire trustees
• Use a “floating spouse” provision• If grantor loses his assets, his spouse can
take care of him
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Trust for Descendants
• Do you ever hear of anyone doing this as an asset protection tool for the grantor? – I never do!
• Grantor retains the power to fire and hire trustees
• If grantor loses his assets, his children can take care of him
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Which would you rather?
• Option 1: $10M net worth– If you’re sued and the judgment is for more than
$10M, you’re broke
• Option 2: $10M net worth– Gift $2M to discretionary trust for spouse and
descendants, so net worth is now $8M– If you’re sued and the judgment is for more than
$8M, you’re broke, but you can indirectly live off of the $2M discretionary trust
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2010 Tax Act: $5M Exemption
• Two-year window of opportunity– 2011: $5M estate/gift/GST tax exemption– 2012: $5.12M estate/gift/GST tax exemption– 2013: $1M estate/gift tax exemption / $1M (plus
inflation) GST tax exemption
• Consider large transfers to Dynasty ILIT before we lose this gifting ability
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Questions?