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ModelingModeling the Ecosystem the Ecosystem
Response and Carbon CycleResponse and Carbon Cycle
to to Iron EnrichmentIron Enrichment in the in the
Equatorial PacificEquatorial Pacific
Fei CHAI
University of Maine
Lei Shi (University of Maine), M-S Jiang (UMass Boston), Yi Chao
(JPL/NASA), Francisco Chavez (MBARI), and Richard Barber (Duke)
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Motivation of ModelingMotivation of Modeling
Test Response of Ecosystem Models
Investigate Long-term Consequences
Carbon Fluxes
Design Experiments
No Environmental Risks
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Physical
Model
Nitrate
[NO3]
Advection
& Mixing
Small
Phytoplankton
[P1]NO3
Uptake
Micro-
Zooplankton
[Z1]
Grazing
Ammonium
[NH4]
Excretion
NH4
Uptake
Detritus-N
[DN]
Fecal
Pellet
SinkingSilicate
[Si(OH)4]
Diatoms
[P2]
Si-Uptake
N-UptakeMeso-
zooplankton
[Z2]
Sinking
Detritus-Si
[DSi]
GrazingFecal
Pellet
Sinking
Predation
Lost
Total CO2
[TCO2]
Biological
Uptake
Air-Sea
Exchange
Dissolution
Carbon, Silicate, Nitrogen Ecosystem ModelCoSiNE, Chai et al. 2002; Dugdale et al. 2002
Chai et al., 1996
Iron
Iron
Iron
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3D Circulation-Ecosystem Modeling3D Circulation-Ecosystem Modeling
Modular Ocean Model (MOM)
Basin scale, coarse resolution (1o), 50 years simulation
Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS)Basin scale, finer resolution (1/2o), 50 years simulation
Basin scale, finer resolution (12.5-km), 16 years simulation
Central California Upwelling System (ROMS)
15-5-1.5 Km resolution, 1998 - 2003, and 2006
West Coast of the North America (NCOM)9 Km with physical data assimilation, 1998 - present
Gulf of Maine (POM)3 Km resolution, 2002 - present
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IronEx II - In
IronEx II - Out
Quantum Yield (mol C mol photons-1)
IronFx II P vs. E
Fe
No Fe
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SurfaceSurface NO NO33 Concentration - Annual MeanConcentration - Annual Mean
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0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
4/25 5/1 5/7 5/13 5/19 5/25
0
1
2
3
4
5
4/25 5/1 5/7 5/13 5/19 5/25
{day-1 (W/m2)-1}
P2max
{day-1}
P1max
{day-1}
Day 0 Day 7 Day 13 Day 19
TemporalChange of and P
max
Chai et al, GBC, in review
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Chai et al, GBC, in review
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Day 6
Day 0 Day 60Time
Chai et al
GBC, in review
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Data from K. Busseler, WHOI
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Iron
Added
No Iron
0.2751.3188.692.80.49
0.3122.572.226.50.37
e-
ratio
Export
Production(mmol Cm-2 day-1)
Primary
Production(mmol Cm-2 day-1)
New
Production(mmol Cm-2 day-1)
f-
ratio
Comparisons of Productions and Ratios
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Detritus Si Anomaly in the Center of the Fe Patch
Chai et al
GBC, in review
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ConclusionsConclusions
Need More Research on Iron Fertilization
Marine Ecosystem Response to Anthropogenic Perturbation
Modeled Ecosystem Response to Iron Addition
Nutrients, Chl a, PP, and TCO2
Interaction Between Phytoplankton and Zooplankton
Diatoms Increase First, Small Phytoplankton Lasts Longer
Increase of Vertical Carbon Fluxes
The System Needs about 90 days to Recover