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The Effect of Varied Light on The Activity and Function of Cassiopeia xamachana
Pilar McQuirterSimedar Jackson
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Purpose
• The purpose of this experiment is to explore the short and long term effects of pollution on an ecosystem.
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Experimental Hypothesis
• If the Cassiopeia xamachana are exposed to decreased amounts of light, then their activity would decrease because they derive nutrition from photosynthetic algae on their tentacles.
Null Hypothesis
• If the Cassiopeia xamachana are exposed to decreased amounts of light, then their will be no effect on their activity.
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Design of Experiment
• Dependent Variable: Activity of Cassiopeia xamachana
• Independent Variable: Light intensity • Control Group: Specimen 1 & 2, Exposed to 40
watt bulb• Constants: Food, exposure time, and
temperature
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Materials1. 5.5 gallon tanks (3)2. Cassiopea xamachana (5)3. 10 gallon tank (1)4. Tetra Air Pump (3)5. Accuair Valve (1)6. Filter (4)7. Tetra HT10 50W Submersible
Heater (1)8. Mini Heater 10W (3)9. Nature’s Ocean Bacteria
Inoculated Sand (1 bag)10. Charcoal11. Mortar and Pestle12. Stirring rods
13. Optix Acrylic Sheet14. Fish net15. Timer16. Ruler 17. Shopping Bag18. Scale19. 40 watt EcoSmart light bulb (3)20. 60 watt EcoSmart light bulb (1)21. Syphon22. Plastic tubing23. Salt water24. 5 gallon water jugs
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ProcedureSpecimen 1 & 2
1. 40 watt Light Bulb 2. Fed ½ frozen Brine Shrimp
Cube, once a week 3. Data Collected once a
week
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ProcedureSpecimen 3 Treatment1. Using Mortar and Pestle,
Kingsford Charcoal was ground
2. Scale was zeroed with plastic weighing tray
3. Ground Charcoal was placed in weighing tray, then weighed
4. 2.0 g of Charcoal was dusted atop the water of the tank
5. 40 watt Light Bulb 6. Fed ½ frozen Brine Shrimp
Cube, once a week 7. Data Collected once a
week
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ProcedureSpecimen 41. Various holes cut in
shopping bag fora) Lightb) Viewing
2. Viewing holes taped over when not in use, so not to add any extra light
3. 40 watt Light Bulb4. Fed ½ frozen Brine Shrimp
Cube, once a week 5. Data Collected once a
week
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Specimen 51. 60 watt Light bulb shined
directly on specimen2. Fed ½ frozen Brine Shrimp
Cube, once a week 3. Data Collected once a
week
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Feeding1. Frozen Brine Shrimp cubes
were cut in half for specimens 3-5
2. Whole cube was given to specimens 1 & 2
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Date: 12/16/12 Specimine 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4 Specimen 5 Date:
3/8/12 Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4 Specimen 5
Trial 1 23 19 21 20 56 Trial 1 24 15 15 14 68
Trial 2 27 20 20 21 52 Trial 2 25 18 17 12 78
Trial 3 26 19 24 18 51 Trial 3 25 17 16 11 78
Average 25.33 19.33 21.67 19.67 53.00 Average 24.67 16.67 16.00 12.33 74.67
Length 3 cm 3.5 cm 5.2 cm 6.5 cm 4.5 cm Length 4.6 cm 4.2 cm 5.2 cm 6.1 cm 5.7 cm
Date: 2/27/12 Specimine 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4 Specimen 5 Date:
3/15/12 Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4 Specimen 5
Trial 1 25 13 14 32 30 Trial 1 21 18 16 10 66
Trial 2 25 13 19 26 29 Trial 2 25 20 16 10 53
Trial 3 25 13 16 28 30 Trial 3 25 19 17 12 58
Average 25.00 13.00 16.33 28.67 29.67 Average 23.67 19.00 16.33 10.67 59.00
Length 3.5 cm 4.5 cm 5.5 cm 6.8 cm 5 cm Length 4.6 cm 4.5 cm 5.6 cm 6 cm 5.8 cm
Date: 3/01/12 Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4 Specimen 5 Date:
3/22/12 Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4 Specimen 5
Trial 1 32 15 11 10 71 Trial 1 24 14 16 36 35
Trial 2 27 19 11 8 67 Trial 2 23 18 12 19 33
Trial 3 29 17 11 8 72 Trial 3 23 16 15 14 41
Average 29.33 17.00 11.00 8.67 70.00 Average 23.33 16.00 14.33 23.00 36.33
Length 3.2 cm 4.3 cm 5 cm 7 cm 5 cm Length 4.3 cm 4.4 cm 6.5 cm 6.6 cm 6.7 cm
Pulses per Minute
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12/16/2011 2/27/2012 3/1/2012 3/8/2012 3/15/2012 3/22/20120
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Average Pulse per Minute
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4 Specimen 5
Dates
Num
ber o
f Pul
ses
ControlControl Varied Light Reduced Light Intense Light
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Chi SquaredSpecimen 3
Date Expected e Observed (o) (o-e) (o-e)2 〖 (o-e)〗 ^2/e2/27/2012 19 16.33 2.67 7.1289 0.3752052633/1/2012 23.165 11 12.165 147.9872 6.3883973673/8/2012 20.72 16 4.72 22.2784 1.075212355
3/15/2012 21.335 16.33 5.005 25.05003 1.174128193 9.012943178
Specimen 4Date Expected e Observed (o) (o-e) (o-e)2 〖 (o-e)〗 ^2/e
2/27/2012 19 28.67 -9.67 93.5089 4.9215210533/1/2012 23.165 8.67 14.495 210.105 9.0699341683/8/2012 20.72 12.33 8.39 70.3921 3.397302124
3/15/2012 21.335 10.67 10.665 113.7422 5.331250293 22.72000764
Specimen 5Date Expected e Observed (o) (o-e) (o-e)2 〖 (o-e)〗 ^2/e
2/27/2012 19 29.67 -10.67 113.8489 5.992047373/1/2012 23.165 70 -46.835 2193.517 94.691009073/8/2012 20.72 74.67 -53.95 2910.603 140.47309363
3/15/2012 21.335 59 -37.665 1418.652 66.49412819 307.65027826
Degrees of Freedom= 3
The Chi Squared value is higher than the critical value, therefore the data is significant
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Error
• Lights turned off the week of 3/26• Inaccurate feeding methods• Inability to obtain freshly hatched Artemia for
feeding• Temperature fluctuations in tanks
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Data Analysis
• Zooxanthellae are photosynthetic organisms that utilize the enzyme carbonic anhydrase(CA) to convert HCO3- to usable CO2.
• CA concentrations are highest in host tissues, creating the symbiotic relationship between Zooxanthellae and Cassiopea xamachana.
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Data Analysis
• CA concentrations are effected by light intensity, water flow, and Zooxanthellae densities.
• When these factors are altered, Cassiopea xamachana expel 67% to 70% of their Zooxanthellae.
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Data Analysis
• Bleaching occurs when C. xamachana expel Zooxanthellae, indicating a disruption in light intensity, heat, water quality, or water flow. As seen in specimen five (intense light) and specimen four ( reduced light).
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Data Analysis
• The results of the experiment have allowed the rejection of the null hypothesis and provides support for the experimental hypothesis.
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Data Analysis
• Experimental hypothesis: If the Cassiopeia xamachana are exposed to decreased amounts of light, then their activity would decrease because they derive nutrition from photosynthetic algae on their tentacles.
• Null hypothesis: If the Cassiopeia xamachana are exposed to decreased amounts of light, then their will be no effect on their activity.
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Specimen 5(Intense Light)
March 1st2012 March 15th 2012
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Specimen 4(Reduced Light)
March 1st,2012 March 15th 2012
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Conclusions and Applications
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Conclusion & Applications
• The expulsion of Zooxanthellae reduces their ability to effectively perform photosynthesis.
• Zooxanthellae also have a symbiotic relationship with coral, increasing calcification and survival.
• Unhealthy coral- decrease in marine life& biodiversity- fisherman catch is depleted/ attraction of coral reefs is destroyed
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Works Cited• 302 Found. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0envl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-
10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-help---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00• Berkelmans, R., & Van Oppen, M. J. (2006). The Role of Zooxanthellae in the Thermal Tolerance of Corals: A 'Nugget of
Hope' for Coral Reefs in an Era of Climate Change. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 273, 2305-2302. Retrieved April 13, 2012, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/view/25223603
• Chi-Squared Table. (n.d.). Retrieved April 11, 2012, from http://www.unc.edu/~farkouh/usefull/chi.html• Estes, A. M., Kempf, S. C., & Henry, R. P. (2003). Localization and quantification of carbonic anhydrase activity in the
symbiotic scyphozoan cassiopea xamachana. The Biological Bulletin, 204, 278-289. Retrieved April 11, 2012, from http:/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3884234
• Gattuso, J., Allemand, D., & Frankignoulle, M. (1999). Photosynthesis and calcification at cellular, organismal and community levels of coral reefs: A review on interactions and control by carbonate chemistry. In American zoologist (Vol. 3, pp. 160-183). Oxford University Press. Retrieved April 11, 2012, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3884234
• Marine Food Webs. (n.d.). Welcome to OceanWorld. Retrieved April 11, 2012, from http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/oceanography-book/marinefoodwebs.htm
• Mayer, A. G. (1917). On the Non-Existence of Nervous Shell-Shock in Fishes and Marine Invertebrates. National Academy of Sciences, 3(10), 597-598. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/83620?seq=1&Search=yes&searchText=cassiopea&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dcassiopea%2Bxamachana%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don&prevSearch=&item=15&ttl=97&returnArticleService=showFullText&resultsServiceName=null
• Stobart, B., Teleki, K., Buckley, R., Downing, N., & Callow, M. (2005, January 15). Coral Recovery at Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles: Five Years after the 1998 Bleaching Event. JSTOR. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/30039796?searchUrl=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=coral+bleaching&acc=on&wc=on
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Thank You!!
• Mrs. Hennings and Mr. Costopoulos• Wendy Williams, Gerald McQuirter, Dr.
Tacoma McKnight• Oak Park Natural Pet and Fish• Renata Voci