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The Effects of Hazardous Fuel The Effects of Hazardous Fuel Reduction Treatments in WUI on the Reduction Treatments in WUI on the Amount of Bark BeetleAmount of Bark Beetle--Caused Tree Caused Tree
MortalityMortality
C. J. FETTIGC. J. FETTIG11, J. MCMILLIN, J. MCMILLIN22, J. A. ANHOLD, J. A. ANHOLD22, R. R. , R. R. BORYSBORYS11 AND S. J. SEYBOLDAND S. J. SEYBOLD11
1 1 PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STATIONPACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STATION2 2 FOREST HEALTH PROTECTION FOREST HEALTH PROTECTION –– R3R3
California Forest Pest CouncilCalifornia Forest Pest CouncilWoodland, California 2004Woodland, California 2004
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AT RISKAT RISK
>200 million acres to catastrophic wildfire >200 million acres to catastrophic wildfire and/or largeand/or large--scale insect and disease outbreaksscale insect and disease outbreaks
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Wildland Fires of 2002:
• 6.7 million acres burned; nearly double 10-year average• 21 firefighters died• numerous homes lost • suppression cost = $1.7 billion• Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico recorded their
largest fires in the last century
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Southern California Southern California -- 20032003
745,000+ acres, 20 people, 3400+ homes 745,000+ acres, 20 people, 3400+ homes
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2004: Year2004: Year--toto--date (10/22/2004)date (10/22/2004)7,912, 571 acres burned7,912, 571 acres burned1,084 structures consumed1,084 structures consumed>$500 million in suppression costs>$500 million in suppression costs
19951995--2004: 102004: 10--year averageyear average3,672,865 acres burned3,672,865 acres burned
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causing:causing:-- deterioration indeterioration inecosystem integrityecosystem integrity
-- increased probabilityincreased probabilityof severe wildfireof severe wildfire
Compared to preCompared to pre--settlement forests,settlement forests,today's shorttoday's short--interval, interval,
firefire--adapted adapted forest ecosystems are:forest ecosystems are:
- denserdenser-- more small treesmore small trees-- fewer large treesfewer large trees-- higher fuel loadshigher fuel loads
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18991899
19931993
Alpine County, CAAlpine County, CA
Gruell, G. E. 2001. Fire in the Sierra Gruell, G. E. 2001. Fire in the Sierra Nevada forests: a photographic Nevada forests: a photographic interpretation of ecological change interpretation of ecological change since 1849.since 1849.
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HFRA (H.R. 1904)• hazardous fuel reduction on 20 million acres
• >50% must be in the WUI
December 3, 2003December 3, 2003
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Wildfire Risk Evaluation Maps Wildfire Risk Evaluation Maps –– WUIWUIColorado Springs, Colorado (Colorado Springs, Colorado (FirewiseFirewise))
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WUI ConcernsWUI Concerns
•• Aesthetics, air quality, structure protection, Aesthetics, air quality, structure protection, and risk are paramountand risk are paramount
•• Likely, increased reliance on mechanical Likely, increased reliance on mechanical treatments for precision and risk reductiontreatments for precision and risk reduction
•• For mechanical, costs are >3X than in For mechanical, costs are >3X than in nonnon--WUIWUI
Berry, A. H. and H. Hesseln. 2004. The effect of the WUI on presBerry, A. H. and H. Hesseln. 2004. The effect of the WUI on prescribed burning cribed burning costs in the Pacific Northwestern United States. J. For. 102: 3costs in the Pacific Northwestern United States. J. For. 102: 333--37.37.
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• To determine the most effective method of minimizing impacts caused by Ips and other bark beetle species during hazardous fuel reduction treatments
IpsIps--nn--Chips: Effective Slash Chips: Effective Slash Management for Hazardous Fuel Management for Hazardous Fuel Reduction Treatments in the WUI Reduction Treatments in the WUI
or a Recipe for Disaster?or a Recipe for Disaster?
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Lop and Scatter
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Pile and Burn
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Whole Tree Removal
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Conventional Wisdom
Chipping reduces amount of bark beetle-caused tree mortality as chips are not viable host material.
Six et al. 2002. Pine engraver colonization of logging residuesSix et al. 2002. Pine engraver colonization of logging residues created using created using alternative slash management systems in western Montana. W. J. Aalternative slash management systems in western Montana. W. J. Appl. For 17: 96ppl. For 17: 96--100.100.
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CHIPS
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2003 Study 2003 Study –– RCBDRCBD• Treatments:
1. chips, randomly dispersed
2. chips, raked
3. lop & scatter
4. untreated control
• Seasonal effect – spring vs. fall
Partially funded by a Special Technology Development Program graPartially funded by a Special Technology Development Program grantnt
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1432 120.27° W
0
100
200
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov0
3
Date
SPRING FALL
Ips paraconfusus
Ips pini
Fettig et al. 2004. Spatial and temporal distributions of four bark beetle species (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) along two elevational transects in the Sierra Nevada. Pan. Pacific Entomol. In review.
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Kaibab NF, Arizona
Apache-Sitgreaves NF, Arizona
Tahoe NF, California
3 BLOCKS3 BLOCKS
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Lop and ScatterLop and Scatter
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Chips Chips –– Random DistributionRandom Distribution
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Chips Chips –– 2 m Rake2 m Rake
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Untreated ControlUntreated Control
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Tahoe NF (BLOCK 1)Tahoe NF (BLOCK 1)
Thinning prescription:
1. Thin all conifers < 30 cm (11.9”) dbh
2. Buck slash to 1.2 m in lop & scatter plots
3. Slash depth < 46 cm
0.4 ha plots0.4 ha plots
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prepre--treatmenttreatment postpost--treatmenttreatment
Tahoe NF SiteTahoe NF Site
prepre--treatmenttreatment postpost--treatmenttreatment
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Pre-treatment Post-treatment
Tree
s/ac
re ControlSU/CHIPSU/RAKESU/LOP
0
50
100
150
200
250
Pre-treatment Post-treatment
Basa
l are
a (f
t2 /ac)
ControlSU/CHIPSU/RAKESU/LOP
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Ips attacks – 1 week post Ips galleries – 2 wks post
RTB attacksRTB attacks
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Western pine beetleWestern pine beetleIps paraconfususIps paraconfusus
Mountain pine beetleMountain pine beetle
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Results Results –– % of trees % of trees attacked by bark beetlesattacked by bark beetles
• Significant treatment effect observed (F3,8 = 5.5, P = 0.02)
• No significant seasonal effect observed (F1,6 = 3.3, P = 0.12)
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Mean Percentage of Trees Attacked Mean Percentage of Trees Attacked ±± SEMSEM
SpringSpring 17.5 17.5 ±± 4.4 a4.4 a
FallFall 10.110.1 ±± 2.8 a2.8 a
No significant difference between treatment means (P = 0.12)No significant difference between treatment means (P = 0.12)
42% reduction42% reduction
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CHIPS CNR LNS CONTROL0
5
10
15
20
25
30Aa
ab
b b
Percentage of trees attacked by bark beetles. Data based on Tahoe NF block through 10/2004.
31% reduction
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Results Results –– % tree mortality*% tree mortality*
•• No significant treatment effect No significant treatment effect observed (Fobserved (F3,83,8 = 0.3, P = 0.82)= 0.3, P = 0.82)
•• No significant seasonal effect No significant seasonal effect observed (Fobserved (F1,61,6 = 0.01, P = 0.98)= 0.01, P = 0.98)
* Based on presence of crown fading at time of survey.* Based on presence of crown fading at time of survey.
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Mean Percentage of Trees Killed Mean Percentage of Trees Killed ±±SEMSEM
SpringSpring 3.0 3.0 ±± 0.6 a0.6 a
FallFall 3.33.3 ±± 0.9 a0.9 a
No significant difference between treatment means (P = 0.98)No significant difference between treatment means (P = 0.98)
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CHIPS CNR LNS CONTROL0
1
2
3
4
5% of trees killed. Stats based on preliminary analysis of partial data set, Tahoe NF block, 10/2004.
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Terpene Volatiles Sampling
• Paired T-test
• 10 PIPO harvested from adjacent plantation
• Aeration sampling (24h sample):
Day 1-10: daily
Day 11-20: 13, 16, 18, 21
Day 21-41: 26, 31, 36, 41
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275 gallon tanks, 4L/min for 24h, 275 gallon tanks, 4L/min for 24h, PorpakPorpak--QQ((~ 9X/24h)~ 9X/24h)
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Terpene elution decay rate
0100200300400500600700800900
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Days since cutting
Mea
n ar
ea r
atio
Slash a-pineneSlash B-pineneSlash 3-careneSlash MyrceneChips a-pineneChips B-pineneChips 3-careneChips Myrcene
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ConclusionsConclusions
•• Large initial difference in the amount of terpenes Large initial difference in the amount of terpenes emanating from chips vs. slashemanating from chips vs. slash
•• Several bark beetle species are attracted to Several bark beetle species are attracted to recently chipped sitesrecently chipped sites
•• BB attacks: chipped > chipped/raked > lopBB attacks: chipped > chipped/raked > lop--nn--scatter or untreated controlscatter or untreated control
•• Raking may be effective for reducing attacksRaking may be effective for reducing attacks
•• Chipping may result in increased levels of tree Chipping may result in increased levels of tree mortalitymortality
Final results will be submitted to WJAF in spring 2005.Final results will be submitted to WJAF in spring 2005.
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgments -- PSWPSW
•• LabLab: Dabney, Hamud, McKelvey, Patterson: Dabney, Hamud, McKelvey, Patterson
•• R5R5: Foresthill RD (J. : Foresthill RD (J. SerraSerra, K. Jones), K. Jones)
•• Volcano Creek Enterprises Inc.Volcano Creek Enterprises Inc.
•• Extramural fundingExtramural funding: STDP grant to PSW/R3: STDP grant to PSW/R3