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The effects of sensory deprivation on sensory
processing
Ione Fine, University of Washington
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Molyneux’s question
"Suppose a man born blind, and now adult, and taught by his touch to distinguish between a cube and a sphere … Suppose then … the blind man made to see … Query: whether by his sight, before he touched them, he could distinguish and tell which is the globe, which is the cube?"John Locke (1690)Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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To what extent does visual processing rely on visual experience?
Sacks, 1991 Hyvarinen et al., 1978, 1981Ackroyd, et al. 1974 Valvo, 1971 Gregory & Wallace, 1963Cheselden, 1768
SB (Gregory & Wallace, 1963)
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Subject Mike May
Blinded by a chemical accident at age 3.Light sensitive between ages 3-43Sight restored in right eye by corneal epithelial stem cell replacement by Dr. Daniel Goodman (March 7th, 2000)
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Poor spatial acuity
0 1 2 3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Spatial frequency (c/deg)
Log sensitivity
MM + 5 months
CONTROL
ERG responses ok
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0 1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5
2
Spatial frequency (c/deg)
Log sensitivity MM + 5 months
MM +11 months
MM +17 months
MM +21 months
CONTROL
No recovery over time
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degrees of visual angle-10 0 10
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
spatial frequency (cpd)
normalized sensitivity
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Simple form ok
MM=100%
C=100%, 100%, 100%
MM=80%
C=100%, 90%, 95%
MM=73%
C=80%, 85%, 100%
MM=0%
C=100%, 100%, 100%
Global form weak
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Depth Virgil (Sacks)“surfaces of objects would seem to loom … when they were still quite a distance away; sometimes he would get confused by his own shadow… [Steps] posed a
particular hazard.
HS (Valvo)“I had no appreciation of depth or distance; street lights were luminous stains stuck to window panes, and the corridors of the hospital were black holes”
All he could see was a confusion, a flat surface of parallel and crisscrossing lines”
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MM=100%
C=100%, 100%, 100%MM=96% BUT long RTs
C=100%, 100%, 100%
MM=0%
C=100%, 100%, 100%
MM=NR
C=100%, 100%, 100%
MM=0 bias
C=+26%, +31%, +29%
occlusion ok
transparency & perspective poor
shading weak
Depth
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Objects & Faces(Cheselden, 1720)“Having often forgot which was the cat and which the dog, he was ashamed to ask, but catching the cat which he knew from feeling, he was observed to look at her steadfastly and then … have said, So puss, I shall know you another time”
Virgil (Sacks)“He did not really look at our faces, though he smiled and laughed and listened intently … He reminded me of … the man who mistook his wife for a hat”
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GenderMM 70% correctcontrol 100%
Expression (happy/sad/neutral) MM 61% correctcontrol 100%
MM 25% correctcontrol 100%
Poor object & face identification
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Motion SB (Ackroyd et al)“His only signs of appreciation were to moving objects, particularly the pigeons in Trafalgar square… He clearly enjoyed … watching … the movement of other cars on the road …He spotted a speeder coming up very fast behind us”
Virgil (Sacks)“when [the gorilla] finally came into the open he thought that, though it moved differently, it looked just like a large man”
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MM =100%
C=100%, 100%, 100%
MM=100%
C=100%, 100%, 100%
MM = 100%
C=100%, 100%, 100%MM = 100%
Motion fine!
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Control LEFT HEMI
MM
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OcP
LiG
FuG
Control
LiGFuG
0 10.4 0.41
Posterior
Medial
MM
OcP
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Cross-modal PlasticityWhen an area that normally processes a missing sense begins to respond to other senses
E.g. visual cortex responding to sound in people who are blind
Auditory cortex responding to vision in people who are deaf
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Compensatory hypertrophyWhen processing in an sensory area changes to compensate for a different missing sense.
E.g. Different processing within visual cortex in people who are deaf
Different auditory or tactile regions in people who are blind
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Does compensatory hypertropyoccur in deaf subjects?
Is visual processing within visual cortex different in deaf
observers?
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DEAF
HEAR
Vol
ume
(cm
2 )
Left hemisphere
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
V1 V2 V3 V3a V4
Deaf - better performance in right visual field …But no differences in cortical area
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ON
OFF
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
V1 V2 V3 V3a V4 MT+
DEAF
HEAR
Left hemisphere activation for attend-motion (RVF)%
sig
nal c
hang
e
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Bavelier et al. J Neuroscience, 2001
Why the discrepancy?a) Full field stimulusb) More subjectsc) Velocity discriminationd) Task localized to center, near
periphery and far periphery
Others do find changes in early visual areasBut not particularly whopping.
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An example of compensatory hypertropy in blind subjects
Tactile processing is different in 3 finger Braille readers
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Sterr et al. J Neuroscience, 1998
D1* D5*
Blind 3 finger readers have larger finger representations
cm
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Cross-modal PlasticityWhen an area that normally processes a missing sense begins to respond to other senses
E.g. visual cortex responding to sound in people who are blind
Auditory cortex responding to vision in people who are deaf
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An example of cross-modal plasticity in deaf subjects:
Auditory cortex responds to visual stimuli in deaf observers
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Responses to visual stimuli within auditory cortex
0
1
2
3
4
6
7
DEAF HEAR
attend-motion
auditory stimulus
% s
igna
l cha
nge 5
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
DEAF CODAHEAR
attend-motion
ignore-motion
auditory stimulus
Caused by auditory deprivation, not sign-language
% s
igna
l cha
nge
Fine, Finney, & Dobkins, Neural plasticity after auditory deprivation within auditory and visual cortex. In press, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Auditory recovery - cochlear implantActivation of auditory cortex, and ability to understand speech declines with duration of deafness.
Lee et al., Nature, 2001
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There are many examples of cross-modal plasticity in blind
subjects:
Visual cortex responds to both tactile and auditory stimuli in
blind observers
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Regions in the left hemisphere that respond differently to tactile trigrams (left) and auditory trigrams (right) in blind than in sighted subjects. Warm colors represent stronger responses within blind subjects.
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Burton, H. et al. J Neurophysiol 87: 589-607 2002VI
Fus
iform
gyru
s
# vo
xels
Early blindLate blind
Cross modal plasticity for Braille
Early vs. late blind subjects
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Thank you!