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"The Elements of Music"
An Introduction
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The Elements of Music
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The Elements of Music
• Rhythm = the relationship of sounds in time
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The Elements of Music
• Rhythm = the relationship of sounds in time
• Melody = pitch line + rhythm
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The Elements of Music
• Rhythm = the relationship of sounds in time
• Melody = pitch line + rhythm• Harmony = the simultaneous sounding
of pitches
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The Elements of Music
• Rhythm = the relationship of sounds in time
• Melody = pitch line + rhythm• Harmony = the simultaneous sounding
of pitches• Form = the architecture or structure of
a piece of music
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The Elements of Music
• Rhythm = the relationship of sounds in time
• Melody = pitch line + rhythm• Harmony = the simultaneous sounding
of pitches• Form = the architecture or structure of
a piece of music• Timbre = the color or quality of sound
in music
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The Elements of Music
• Rhythm = the relationship of sounds in time• Melody = pitch line + rhythm• Harmony = the simultaneous sounding of
pitches• Form = the architecture or structure of a piece
of music• Timbre = the color or quality of sound in music• Dynamics = the gradations of loudness and
softness in music
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Rhythm
• The relationship of sounds in time
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Rhythm - Tempo
• The pace (speed) of music
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Rhythm - Meter
• Organization of rhythm into beats, groups of beats, and divisions of beats.
• Meters may be duple, triple, quadruple, mixed, or odd.
• Each of these may be simple (two divisions per beat) or compound (three divisions per beat).
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Rhythm - Meter Signature
• 2/4 duple-simple• 3/4 triple-simple• 4/4 quadruple-simple• 4/4 6/8 mixed meter• 6/8 duple-compound• 9/8 triple-compound• 12/8 quadruple-compound• 5/4 odd meter
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Rhythm - Syncopation
• The emphasis of off-beats or of beats that are not usually accented.
• (Off-beats occur not at the beginning of a beat, but on a division of the beat.)
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Melody
• Pitch line and rhythm
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Melody
• Pitch line = the sequence of pitches in a melody. Combined with a specific rhythm, the pitch line forms the melody.
• Contour = the shape of a melody, as determined by aspects of ascending/descending motion, conjunct/disjunct motion, and melodic climax.
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Melody
• Motivic development = taking a small idea (motive) and working with it to create an integrated melody.
• Range = the distance (interval) from the lowest note to the highest note of a melody.
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Melody
• Melodic climax = the highest note of the melody.
• Scale content = the scales or modes used to create a melody (for example, major, melodic minor, pentatonic).
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Melody
• Scale tones = the notes of a scale, identified as root, second, third, etc.
• Consonance/dissonance = the balance of notes in a melody that create moments of relative tension and resolution.
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Harmony
• The simultaneous sounding of pitches
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Harmony
• Interval = the relationship between two pitches, as defined by quality (for example, major, diminished) and quantity (for example, third, fifth).
• Chord = three or more different pitches sounded together.
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Harmony
• Triad = a three-note chord, containing a root, third, and fifth.
• Seventh chord = a four note chord, containing a root, third, fifth, and seventh.
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Harmony
• Functional harmony = the system by which different chords relate to each other in a particular key. Chords in a key are defined by Roman numeral (for example, I, ii, iii).
• Chord progression = the movement of chords as they change during a piece of music.
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Form
• The architecture or structure of a piece of music
• Form is rhythm at its largest level
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Form
• Repetition/contrast = the alternation of elements that are familiar versus new (for example, melodic themes).
• Phrase = a short part of a piece of music, usually equivalent to what a person can sing or play in one breath.
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Form
• Section = two or more phrases that combine to make a musical statement. – In classical music, this may be
referred to as a period. – In pop music, this may be referred to
as a verse, a chorus, or a bridge.
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Form
• Form model = any of the standard forms used to define the overall architectural structure of a piece of music. – In classical music, these include
rondo and sonata-allegro form. – In pop music, these include AB and
AABA.
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Timbre
• The tone color or quality of sound in music
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Timbre
• Vibration = the back-and-forth movement of anything that produces sound.
• Frequency = the rate (speed) of vibration.
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Timbre
• Fundamental = the basic, lowest frequency in a musical sound, which defines the pitch.
• Overtones = the frequencies above the fundamental that determine the color (timbre) of a sound.
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Timbre
• Instrumentation (a.k.a. orchestration) = the specific combination of instruments and/or voices used in a piece of music.
• Texture = the interrelationship of the different parts in a piece of music, in terms of melody, accompaniment, bass line, etc.
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Dynamics
• The gradations of loudness and softness in music
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Dynamics
• piano = soft• forte = loud• mezzo = medium• crescendo = getting louder• decrescendo (diminuendo) =
getting softer