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Rafael E. Núñez
Embodied Cognition Lab
Department of Cognitive Science
University of California, San Diego
Making sense of time:
The embodied nature of human abstraction!
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… at my hotel
room in Tokyo …
susumu: advance, move forward
modoru: go back return, backward
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… some episodes in
Homo Sapiens’ life …
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Contents
1.! Everyday abstraction and Spatial construals of
Time: The role of language
2.! The psychological reality of Time construals:
Priming experiments
3.! Universals, and cultural variations: The Aymara
and the Yupno way
4.! Exploring neural basis: an fMRI study
5.! Conclusions
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Contents
1.! Everyday abstraction and Spatial construals of
Time: The role of language
2.! The psychological reality of Time construals:
Priming experiments
3.! Universals, and cultural variations: The Aymara
and the Yupno way
4.! Exploring neural basis: an fMRI study
5.! Conclusions
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Spatial construals of Time
!! Investigating conceptualization (rather than perception and psychophysics)
!! Cognitive Linguistics !! Waaaay back in the 50s …
!! The week ahead of us …
!! We are coming to the end of the quarter …
!! It is 20 minutes ahead of 1 o’clock
!! Halloween is almost here
!! Spring follows winter …
!! … (and, beyond words: illustrations)
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Spatial construals of Time
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Time As Unidimensional Space
An initial taxonomy
!! Two main conceptual metaphors (Criterion: What moves? ) (Clark, 1973, Lakoff, 1993; Gentner, 2001)
1.! “Ego-moving” !! We’re coming to the end of the year
2.! “Time-moving” !! Thanksgiving is approaching
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1.- Ego-moving Mapping
Source Domain
1-D Space
Target Domain
Time
front of ego future
behind ego past
ego’s location present/now
ego’s motion passing of time
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2.- Time-moving Mapping
Source Domain
1-D Space
Target Domain
Time
front of ego future
past
present/now
behind ego
ego’s location
motion of objects passing of time
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Moving-Ego, Moving-Time?
Further refinement
!! The class meetings are too close together
!! [no motion]
!! It is 20 minutes ahead of 1pm
!! [Ego is not the RP]
!! Spring follows Winter
!! [no Ego, no “Now”, no present]
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“Ahead”?
!! The week ahead of us
!! It is 20 minutes ahead of 1pm
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!! Reference Point! (not motion per se)
1.! “Ego-RP”
!! The week ahead of US (LATER)
2.! “Time-RP”
!! It is 20 minutes ahead of 1PM (EARLIER)
“Ahead” … of WHAT?
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Time-RP Mapping
Source Domain
1-D (Ego-free) Space
Target Domain
Time
front of object earlier (than Now)
later (than Now)
(present/now)
behind object
(some object)
Moore, 1999
Núñez, 1999
Núñez & Sweetser, 2006
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Examples of Time-RP
!! “Spring follows winter”
!! “Before/After 1945”
!! FRONT is mapped with EARLIER (relative to
object)
!! The day before yesterday
!! Avant-hier
!! Antes de ayer
!! BACK is mapped with LATER (relative to object)
!! Con posterioridad a 1950
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“The day before yesterday” FRONT is mapped with EARLIER
!! “Con posterioridad a 1950” BACK is mapped with LATER
Time As Unidimensional Space:
Time-RP mapping
today!yesterday!fore! posterior!
posterior!
posterioridad a 1950!
(motion determines orientation)!
before yesterday!
1950! 1951! 1952! 1953!1949!
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A refined taxonomy
Criterion: Reference Point
Núñez & Sweetser, 2006
Núñez, Motz, & Teuscher, 2006
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Summary:
Spatial Construals of Time
!! An essential construal of chronological experience (time) is built through a fundamental conceptual metaphor:
!! Time AS Unidimensional Space
!! Its general form seems to be universal: construals are indeed Spatial
!! It has (at least) two forms !! 1.- Ego-RP (front/future – back/past)
!! 2.- Time-RP (front/earlier – back/later)
!! Inferences (“truth”) are relative to the mappings
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Contents
1.! Everyday abstraction and Spatial construals of
Time: The role of language
2.! The psychological reality of Time construals:
Priming experiments
3.! Universals, and cultural variations: The Aymara
and the Yupno way
4.! Exploring neural basis: an fMRI study
5.! Conclusions
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Contents
1.! Everyday abstraction and Spatial construals of
Time: The role of language
2.! The psychological reality of Time construals:
Priming experiments
3.! Universals, and cultural variations: The Aymara
and the Yupno way
4.! Exploring neural basis: an fMRI study
5.! Conclusions
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Aymara people
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Where do Aymara people live?
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South American Andes
Highlands
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Aymara: Expressions regarding
the past
ancha nayra pachana
Morpheme by morpheme gloss:
ancha a lot
nayra eye, sight, front
pacha time
-na in, on, at
Literal translation:
A lot eye/front time-at
Meaning:
(At a) long time ago
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Aymara: Expressions regarding
the future
akata q”iparu
Morpheme by morpheme gloss:
aka here, this
-ta from
q”ipa back, behind
-ru to, towards
Literal translation:
Here/this-from back-to
Meaning:
From now on
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Spatial construals of time in Aymara
The crucial question
!! Lexical and metaphorical evidence of
!! Time AS Unidimensional Space metaphor
!! But …
In Aymara, is the underlying mapping
Ego-RP or Time-RP?
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Spatial construals of time in Aymara
The crucial question
!! If the mapping is Time-RP then it simply operates like our “ahead” (front/Earlier – back/Later)
!! Many “exotic” languages thought to be counter-universal turned out to be like English, after the Time-RP distinction (Moore, 1999; Núñez & Sweetser, 2006).
!! If the mapping is indeed Ego-RP then Aymara would be a counterexample to the universality of Ego orientation!
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Spatial construals of time in Aymara
How to decide?
!! Because of grammatical constraints in Aymara there
is no way to answer to the previous questions with
purely linguistic evidence (e.g., gramatical, lexical, …) (Hardmann, 2001)
!! There are no clear and unambiguous cases such as
!! “The week ahead of us” (meaning future in front of EGO
rather than of another time)
Spontaneous gestures?!
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What can we learn from Gestures?
!! A detailed study of Gestures can help
answering the previous questions
!! Gesture-speech co-production is universal
!! Astonishingly close speech-gesture co-
production
!! Provide rich information about deixis, manner,
and RPs (often complementary to speech)
!! Preservation and construction of semantics
(iconics and metaphorical gestures): built-in
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… más allá antes …
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“From last year
to this year” Del año pasado …
[From last year …]
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“From last year
to this year” … a este año
[… to this year]
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And much more …
Nayra mara … antiguo
[old]
Aka maran
[this year]
Q”ipa timpun
[Future times]
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Time As Unidimensional Space:
Aymara Ego-RP mapping Source Domain
1-D Space
Target Domain
Time
front of ego future
behind ego past
ego’s location present
Converging lexical, metaphorical, AND gestural evidence!
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Saggital Past gestures
Aymara participants producing sagittal past gestures
(n=15)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Aymara - Castellano Andino speakers (no
grammatical Spanish)
Spanish speakers (bilinguals or monolinguals)
Language Proficiency
Percen
tag
e
Past-Front only Past-Behind at least once
Núñez & Sweetser, 2006
Fisher’s, p = 0.035
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A counter-universal!
Science
The New York Times
Pour la Science
Jornal do Brasil
BBC
World
Taipei Times
GEO Wissen
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Aymara: Why this pattern?
!! Overemphasis on visual perception as source of
knowledge
!! Strong use of evidentials, including in Castellano
Andino
!! “Knowing is seeing”
!! Past is known and visible
!! Future is unknown, out of the visual field
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Spatial construals of time: Another
crucial question
!! Can the source domain (space) have other forms?
!! Other frames of reference? !! Not Ego-centered?
!! Not based on moving sequences?
!! … Geo-centric?
!! Yes: People from the Yupno valley !! (Núñez, Cooperrider, and Wassmann, submitted)
!! Lexical hints: usadon = uphill; tomorrow
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Contents
1.! Everyday abstraction and Spatial construals of
Time: The role of language
2.! The psychological reality of Time construals:
Priming experiments
3.! Universals, and cultural variations: The Aymara
and the Yupno way
4.! Exploring neural basis: an fMRI study
5.! Conclusions
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Looking for neural basis:
Anatomical hypotheses
!! What neural populations dealing with body-
centered space may be recruited for specific
temporal meaning (e.g., Ego-RP)?
!! Ventral Intraparietal area (VIP)
!! in the intraparietal sulcus
!! Polysensory Zone (PZ)
!! in the precentral gyrus
Macaque monkey brain
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VIP and PZ
!! Multimodal neurons !! Respond to objects touching, near, or looming toward the
body surface
!! Participate in !! Navigation by optic flow
!! Attention to nearby space
!! Processing for object location for the guidance of movement
!! Somatotopically (not only retinotopically) organized !! Body-centered
!! Densily interconnected
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Stimulation of VIP and PZ in monkeys
Graziano & Cooke, 2006
Electrical stimulation evokes defense-like withdrawing or blocking movements
Suggested to play a role in immediate awareness/safety around the body
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PZ neurons
Graziano, Hu, & Gross, 1997
which responded to:
- tactile stimuli on the front of the face
- visual stimuli near the face
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Multisensory area in Superior Parietal Cortex
(visual-somatosensory)
Sereno and Huang, 2006
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Aligned
somatosensory
and visual
maps for a
single subject (dorso-lateral view)
Sereno and Huang, 2006
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Sereno and Huang, 2006
Aligned somatosensory and visual maps for
single subjects (dorso-lateral view)
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Putative
Human
VIP
Sereno and Huang, 2006
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SFS
AnG
VIP
PZ
SI 7b
MT+
V3A/V7
You are approaching Christmas
vs.
Christmas is approaching
Block Design Study
Left hemisphere
Auditory cue
Núñez, Huang, & Sereno, 2007
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V3A/V7
MT+
7b
VIP PZ
SI
SFS
AnG
Right hemisphere
You are approaching Christmas
vs.
Christmas is approaching
Block Design Study
Auditory cue
Núñez, Huang, & Sereno, 2007
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Eccentricity Mapping (center " periphery)
VIP VIP
Núñez, Huang, & Sereno, 2007
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Time (is approaching):
VIP VIP
Núñez, Huang, & Sereno, 2007
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Contents
1.! Everyday abstraction and Spatial construals of
Time: The role of language
2.! The psychological reality of Time construals:
Priming experiments
3.! Universals, and cultural variations: The Aymara
and the Yupno way
4.! Exploring neural basis: an fMRI study
5.! Conclusions
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Conclusions
!! Construals of time appear to be universally based on 1-D space
!! The study of human conceptualization of time can/should be
!! Theoretical
!! Empirical !! Experimental
!! Psychology, behavior (e.g., priming)
!! Neuroscience (neuroimaging, EEG)
!! Linguistics (lexical, metaphorical, gestural)
!! Anthropology, ethnography
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Conclusions
!! Two main conceptual mappings model the
construals (reference points):
!! Ego-RP (“quasi-universal”)
!! Time-RP (universal … so far)
!! The inferential systems are relative to the
organization of the mappings (e.g. “forward”)
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Conclusions
!! Ego-RP: Aymara: first well-documented case of an exception to the “rule” !! Empirical evidence: Lexical, metaphorical, ethnographic,
gestural
!! Universal bodily experiences, allowing cultural variation
!! Internal “logic”? !! necessary but not sufficient: overemphasis of visual experience and
evidentials
!! Time-RP: Is it more primitive? !! no (obligatory) “Now”
!! Only later and earlier than relations
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Conclusions
!! Neural basis
!! fMRI and neuroimaging !! VIP/PZ areas may play a crucial role in making Ego-
related spatial construals of time possible
!! High order mental phenomena, conceptual abstractions, … construals of Time !! Culture and phenotype are deeply
intertwined
VIP PZ
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Thanks!
!! Aymara communities (Chile)
!! Socoroma, Chapiquiña, Isluga
!! Cariquima, Villablanca, Visviri
!! Manuel Mamani (Univ. Tarapacá), Antonio Moscoso
!! Carlos Cornejo, Vicente Neumann
!! Fondecyt: Chilean National Science Foundation
!! Eve Sweetser & George Lakoff (UC Berkeley);
!! Gilles Fauconnier, Seana Coulson (UCSD)
!! Ben Motz, Ursina Teuscher, Cristián Simonetti
!! Marty Sereno, Ruey-Song Huang (UCSD)
!! Embodied Cognition Lab people
!! Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind at UCSD
!! Yupno communities (Papua New Guinea)
!! Jürg Wassmann