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FACULTY OFENGINEERING
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIESST. AUGUSTINE
THE EXPENDABLES VALUE CONSULTANTS LIMNITED
PHASE 2 INVESTIGATION OF BSAP COMPANY LTD.
BURTON ORR 97030002
TIMMY ALI 02724627
SEON CHARLES 04707759
ANTHONY
HUTCHINSON809001943
COLIN GREENE 04702931
SHAM RAMGARIB 04745587
BRENDON MUNROE 03770078
PRMG6012 VALUE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
Professor Kit Fai Pun
of
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Letter to the Managing Director
The Expendables Value Consultants Ltd.#2 Serpentine Rd.
CaroniTrinidad
[email protected] November 2010
Managing DirectorBSAP Company Ltd.
Dear Mr. E.S. Chan,
The members of The Expendables Value Consultants Ltd. would like to
express our gratitude towards your company for being hired to conduct a
Phase-2 investigation into the issues your company is currently facing. It has
been a pleasure working with you and our staff was glad to have contributed
to the future success of your company.
The attached report contains a detailed diagnosis of the problems, feasible
solutions for the problems, focal areas for further investigation in the final
phase and recommendations on design, implementation and monitoring of
an improvement programme.
The staff of The Expendables Value Consultants Ltd. can assure you that the
recommended solutions will definitely improve the success of your company
and establish a culture of value within your organization.
In the event of any further consultation, please feel free to contact us.
Yours respectfully,
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I.E. ManLead VM ConsultantThe Expendables Consultants Limited
Table of Contents
Letter to the Managing Director.......................................................................................ii
List of Figures...................................................................................................................v
List of Tables..................................................................................................................vii
1 .0 Introduction................................................................................................................. 8
2 .0 Diagnosis of Main Problem and Identification of Causes..........................................9
2.1 Cause and Effect Diagram Showing Main Problem and Possible Causes.............11
2.1.1 Evidence of Causes......................................................................................... 11
2.2 Short Term versus Long Term Concerns............................................................... 20
2.3 Operational versus Corporate Concerns................................................................ 21
2.4 Diagnosis of Situations.......................................................................................... 21
2.4.1 Market Share................................................................................................... 21
2.4.2 Quality Standards for CALBILD.................................................................... 27
2.4.3 Compensation Costs........................................................................................ 29
3 .0 Possible Solutions to the Problem............................................................................30
3.1 Sensitivity Analysis of Options............................................................................. 363.1.1 Projected Proportions of Production among Options Generated....................37
3.1.2 Raw Material Cost Per Square Metre of CALBILD Board............................ 38
3.1.3 Conversion factor............................................................................................ 38
3.1.4 Raw Material Total Costs per Tonne of CALBILD Board.............................39
3.1.5 Procedures Adopted........................................................................................ 39
3.1.6 Compensation Practice Approach................................................................... 41
3.1.7 Uplifting Approach......................................................................................... 41
3.2 Assumptions and Constraints ................................................................................43
3.2.1 Assumptions.................................................................................................... 43
3.2.2 Constraints...................................................................................................... 44
4 .0 Focal Areas for Further Investigation in the Final Phase.........................................46
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5 .0 Recommendations on Design, Implementation & Monitoring of a Improvement
Programme....................................................................................................................... 49
5.1 Establishment of a Value Management Framework .............................................49
5.2 Value Management Policy..................................................................................... 52
5.3 Value Management Programme............................................................................ 52
5.3.1 Hiring a Value Manager.................................................................................. 54
5.3.2 Value Management Study.............................................................................. 54
5.4 Value Management Training................................................................................. 55
5.5 Value Management Tools and Methods................................................................ 56
6 .0 Conclusion................................................................................................................ 58
References....................................................................................................................... 60
........................................................................................................... 61
Appendix......................................................................................................................... 61
Appendix A. Normal Distributions for Options Generated.........................................62
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List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Cause and Effect Diagram Showing Main Problem and Possible Causes....11Figure 2.1: Cause and Effect Diagram Showing Main Problem and Possible Causes....11
Table 2.1: Fibre Glass Content 2005 - 2009....................................................................17
Table 2.2: Short Term versus Long Term Concerns........................................................20
Table 2.3: Operational versus Corporate Concerns.........................................................21
Table 2.4:Sales Data for CALBILD................................................................................22
Figure 2.2: Graph showing BSAP CALBILD Market Sales...........................................26
Figure 2.2: Graph showing BSAP CALBILD Market Sales...........................................26
Figure 2.3: Normal Distribution of Quality Standards for CALBILD............................27
Figure 2.3: Normal Distribution of Quality Standards for CALBILD............................27
Table 2.5: Analysis of Quality Control Records form Machine 2 (29-01-10 to 18-02-10)
..........................................................................................................................................27
Figure 2.4: Normal Distribution of CALCEIL samples..................................................28
Figure 2.4: Normal Distribution of CALCEIL samples..................................................28
Figure 2.5: Normal Distribution of CALBILD samples..................................................28
Figure 2.5: Normal Distribution of CALBILD samples..................................................28Figure 2.6:Graph showing the relationship of Compensation Costs and Average %
Fibreglass with time.........................................................................................................29
Figure 2.6:Graph showing the relationship of Compensation Costs and Average %
Fibreglass with time.........................................................................................................29
Figure 3.7: Cause and Effect Diagram Showing Feasible Solutions...............................30
Figure 3.7: Cause and Effect Diagram Showing Feasible Solutions...............................30
Table 3.6: Feasible Options.............................................................................................34
Table 3.7: Projected Proportions among Options Generated...........................................37
Table 3.8: Raw Material Costs Per Square Metre of CALBILD Board..........................38
Table 3.9: Raw Material Total Costs Per Tonne of CALBILD Board............................39
Table 3.10: Compensation Practice Approach.................................................................41
Table 3.11: Uplifting Approach.......................................................................................41
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Figure 3.8: Graphs showing variations in Gross Profits for Compensation Practice &
Uplifting Approach..........................................................................................................42
Figure 3.8: Graphs showing variations in Gross Profits for Compensation Practice &
Uplifting Approach..........................................................................................................42
Figure 5.9: Illustration of Value Management Framework within an Organization.......51
Figure 5.9: Illustration of Value Management Framework within an Organization.......51
Figure 5.10: Expertise/Knowledge Overlap of VM Study Team for BSAP Company...55
Figure 5.10: Expertise/Knowledge Overlap of VM Study Team for BSAP Company...55
Figure A. 1: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 1.....................................................62
Figure A. 2: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 2.....................................................62
Figure A. 3: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 3.....................................................63
Figure A. 4: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 4.....................................................63
Figure A. 5: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 5.....................................................64
Figure A. 6: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 6.....................................................64
Figure A. 7: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 7.....................................................65
Figure A. 8: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 8.....................................................65
Figure A. 9: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 9.....................................................66
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List of Tables
Table 2.1: Fibre Glass Content 2005 - 2009....................................................................17Table 2.2: Short Term versus Long Term Concerns........................................................20
Table 2.3: Operational versus Corporate Concerns.........................................................21
Table 2.4:Sales Data for CALBILD................................................................................22
Table 2.5: Analysis of Quality Control Records form Machine 2 (29-01-10 to 18-02-10)
..........................................................................................................................................27
Table 3.6: Feasible Options.............................................................................................34
Table 3.7: Projected Proportions among Options Generated...........................................37
Table 3.8: Raw Material Costs Per Square Metre of CALBILD Board..........................38
Table 3.9: Raw Material Total Costs Per Tonne of CALBILD Board............................39
Table 3.10: Compensation Practice Approach.................................................................41
Table 3.11: Uplifting Approach.......................................................................................41
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1 .0 Introduction
The BSAP Company limited has been experiencing problems relating to the quality of the
CALBILD product produced by the No. 2 machine. The symptoms arising from this situation
that this company is most concerned with are increased complaints, higher compensation costs,
lower market share, lower competitive power, lower revenue and lower competitive power. The
Expendables Value Consultants has been hired by the Managing Director to carry out a Phase-2
investigation into this problem. The objectives that are to be achieved in this investigation
consist of the following:
Detailed diagnosis of main problem(s) and identification of causes
Feasible solutions for the problem(s)
Focal areas for further investigation in the final phase, and
Recommendations on design, implementation and monitoring of a improvement
programme.
This report attempts to discuss the findings from the investigation carried out and present
any necessary recommendations.
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2 .0 Diagnosis of Main Problem and Identification of Causes
After comprehensive analysis of the BSAP Case, the Expendables Value Consultants
identified the overarching problem to be that ofPOORproduct quality of the CALBILD product
where significant batches fail to meet the B.S. strength specification of 86 Kgm.
A review of the memoranda provided by BSAP Company Limited has revealed the following
symptoms of the overarching problem of poor product quality. These symptoms are listed below.
SYMPTOMS:
The following symptoms have been identified:
Increase in complaints
Higher compensation costs
Lower market share
Lower competitive power
Lower revenue
Poor company image
CAUSES:
The causes of these symptoms can be categorized into five major sections and
represented in the cause and effect diagram shown below.
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The categories of the causes of the symptoms are as follows:
Communication
Personnel
Quality Control
Strengthener Material
Equipment
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2.1 Cause and Effect Diagram Showing Main Problem and Possible
Causes
Poor Product Qualit
(CALBILD)
Strengthener Material
Quality Control
Equipment
PersonnelCommunication
Increase in MachineNo. 2 variability from
2005 - 2010
Poor staffattitude
towards quality
Large Variations inproduction quality
control
Chaos between
quality controlof 2 products
Mixing of quality
control recordsprovided
Failure of staff toaccept responsibility
Absence ofStandards
Insufficient inter-
departmentcommunication
Lack of inf ormaldiscussion
Lack ofmaintenance
Lack ofinvestment
Old / Substandardmachine
Low fibre glasscontent
Increase incost of fibre glass
Absence ofalternative materials
to chose from
Increase in complaints
High Compensation Costs
Lower Market Share
Lower competitive power
Lower revenue
Poor Company Image
Figure 2.1: Cause and Effect Diagram Showing Main Problem and Possible Causes
2.1.1 Evidence of Causes
Reference is made to the memoranda and data collected from BSAP as evidence to the
causes of the problems arising.
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COMMUNICATION
i. Lack of Formal discussions
Memorandum No. 2 clearly indicates that the Production Director was upset that the
Sales Director raised the problem of outgoing quality at the Board Meetings without
consulting him first. The memorandum seems to suggest that the Production Directors
style of communication is personal and informal, while the Sales Director communication
style is more formal and objective as can been seen in Memo No. 1 & 4. The Managing
Director responded almost two weeks after the Board meeting held on the 25th February
2010 on the findings of the Sales Director. This shows that managers are not
communicating in a timely manner to solve the companys numerous problems.
In Memorandum No.3 the Sales Director stated that he found the previous meeting was
non-productive and there seemed to be disagreement on certain issues. It is also inferred
in Memorandum 1 Memo 2 that there is a lack of properly setting and circulating an
agenda before a meeting, which adds to the inefficiency of a meeting.
ii. InsufficientInter-department Communication
It also appears that the Sales and Production departments are disconnected when in fact
they are supposed to be closely communicating because decisions made in both
departments have company-wide impact.
Poor communication can also be seen through the difficulty of one department to attain
data from another department. If there were suitable communication tools and methods in
place and employees were trained in using these tools and methods this would result in
timely and accurate distribution of information needed.
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PERSONNEL
i. Poor Staff attitude towards quality
Memorandum No. 1 outlines the statements made by the Sales Director concerning the
working attitude of sales department. He stated that there seems to be a great deal of
slackness in the selling operation. The Sales representatives are far too prone to making
unrealistic delivery promises and reporting of customer visits are sloppy. This is all due
to their clear lack of directive as to what is expected of them. If the sales representatives
do not understand the uses or differences in CALCEIL and CALBILD they can sell the
wrong product to customers who would in turn lead to increased customer dissatisfaction
and resulting in increase compensation cost poor company image, and decreased market
share.
In Memo No. 4, the Sales Director aired his belief that a great deal depends on the
personal attitudes of the Production Managers concerned. In Memo No. 11, the Sales
Manager stated that he believes all problems would disappear if the Production people
were to roll up their sleeves and introduce procedures to meet quality specifications.
In Memo No.9, the Works Manager does not see a problem with quality variability as he
believes it is comparable to that achieved by the main competitors.
It can also be inferred that employees may be dissatisfied with their compensation
packages and in turn this is represented in their lack of devotion to their jobs. It also
seems that top management is not trained in management skills and practices. There
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seems to be an overall lack of professionalism needed at the executive level of the
company.
ii. Mixing of quality control records provided
In memorandum No. 4, the Sales Director indicated to the Board of Directors that some
exploratory work in my department has revealed a number of serious problems in the
quality. He believes that unless the problems are dealt with, the companys ability to
compete will be placed in jeopardy and future profitability endangered.
He indicated that quality standards on our many products vary enormously from one
product to another and was unable to ascertain why the quality specifications for other
products are not met. It is inferred that a great deal seems to depend on the personal
attitudes of the production managers concerned.
The mixing of the records were discovered where the control records provided in Memo4
represented both CALBILD and CALCEIL products. The mixing of records can create
misconceptions and be misleading to management.
iii. Failure of Staff to accept responsibility
Memorandum No. 4 seeks to infer that the Sales and Production departments appear to be
disconnected when in fact they should operating as an integrated unit because decisions
made in both departments have company-wide impact. Neither department is willing to
take ownership of the problems. It also seems that employees of BSAP Ltd. are not held
accountable for their mistakes and no proper evaluation system is in replace to ensure
training and re-training of employees in their various roles.
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QUALITY CONTROL
i. Absence of Standards
In Memo 1, the Sales Director informed the Managing Director that he has initiated a
series of meetings with the area sales managers and they have already made significant
progress in working out new procedures and methods, which hopefully, will lead to more
aggressive selling. This statement seems to imply that there is a need to develop and
implement new procedures and methods. Due to the lack of clearly outlined procedures,
there is no system to guide consistency and support company performance. This can be
seen by the Sales department inability to set delivery times and stick to them and
reporting of customer visits which was deemed as being sloppy by the Sales Director.
Lack of clear standards has also resulted in a lot of money being spent to compensate
customers as indicated in Memorandum No. 4.
ii. Chaos between quality control of two products
In Memorandum No. 7, the Technical Development Officer stated that he was puzzled by
the frequency distribution of strength that was presented from No.2 machine. He stated
that this data may refer to CALCEIL, another product containing fibreglass strengthener
but not intended for the same application as CALBILD. A conclusion can de deduced
that due to human error, the quality control records that were presented by the Sales
Director were mixed up, as the data provided showed that both products were
manufactured using the same machine.
The quality control records from Machine No.2 revealed that 57% of the data was
referring to the correct product, CALBILD and 43% of data collected was referred to
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another product type, CALCEIL, which was attributable to one of the main causes for the
high variability problem in product strength.
iii. Large Variations in Production Quality Control
Close examination of CALBILD samples revealed that the mean strength is still
approximately 1.7 Kgm below the British Standard (BS) specification of 86 Kgm; and its
standard deviation is 2 kgm greater than that of the initial level of 6 kgm that was
achieved five years ago, when the machine was first commissioned.
The Sales Director disclosed that the quality standards on many products vary
enormously from one product to another. He also stated that he was unable to discover
why the quality specifications for other products are not met.
The Technical Development Officer stated that he understands what the company could
stand to gain by reducing the variability. He believes increase investment is needed on
No.2 machine in order to achieve this lower variability. We were also informed that the
quality inspectors are told to reject a batch if the strength falls below 78 kgm. However
batches with strengths in the range 70-78 kgm are sold as seconds. Batches lower that 70
kgm are scrapped. In this case 16 % of material are scrapped or sold as seconds. 40 % of
accepted product will lie below the B.S specification of 86 Kgm.
STRENGTHENER MATERIAL
i. Increase in the cost of fibre glass
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Memorandum No. 7 indicates clearly, as stated by the Technical Development Manager
that there has been a 10% increase in the cost of fibre glass, the second rise in the last
twelve months.
The Sales Manager stated in Memo No. 11 that they do not have data in the right form to
show how the cost of customer complaints has varied with the proportion of fibre glass
strengthener. He went on to explain that, some idea of the effect can be seen by
displaying the cost of compensating the customer alongside the average % fibre glass for
each of the years 2005-2009.
Table 2.1: Fibre Glass Content 2005 - 2009
Year Average % Fibre Glass Compensation Cost($)
2005 47.8 100, 0002006 46.2 140, 0002007 41.8 260, 0002008 39.3 320, 0002009 37.5 400, 000
Overall, there has been a decrease of 10.3 % in fibreglass from 2005 to 2009.
In Memo 12, the Works Manager stated that BSAP Ltd. made the decision to deliberately
decrease the fibreglass content over the years to cut production costs. However, BSAP
Ltd. needs to determine whether lowering the fibreglass content is worth diminishing the
companys image and paying high compensation cost. This has resulted in decreased
market share for the period 2006 2009.
Although BSAPs market share has decrease from 2006, it appears that sales have
increased (See Table in Memorandum No. 8). This indicates an increase in the local
market due to expansion of the construction industry. This resulted in increased sales
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revenue for BSAP Ltd. It is to quite notable as well to observe that as the fiberglass
content increases, the cost of wood flour and resin decreases (See Table 2 in
Memorandum No. 7), thereby mitigating some of the increase in total unit price.
ii. Low fibreglass content
The Production Director informed the Board that the B.S specification of 86 Kgm can be
achieved for CALBILD quite easily by introducing more fibreglass strengthener. There
needs to be a minimum amount of Fibreglass strengthener used in the manufacturing
process for CALBILD for the product to meet the specifications. In Memorandum No.
11, the Sales Director provided an estimate of the change in fibreglass content for the
period 2005 2009. This is shown in the table below.
Year Average % Fibre Glass % Change in FibreGlass Content
2005 47.8 02006 46.2 - 1.62007 41.8 - 4.42008 39.3 - 2.52009 37.5 - 1.8
As the company started to lower the % Fibre glass in an attempt to reduce production costs it was
in fact leading to the a decrease in the product quality and hence increased customer complaints .
iii. Absence of alternative materials to choose from
Inference is made in the memoranda since the Works Manager made a deliberate
decrease in the fiberglass content to maintain production costs. It is also inferred that
there may either be a sole supplier or a regulated industry price for this raw material to
the Company since the cost of glass fiber has increased twice within the last 12 months.
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EQUIPMENT
i. Lack of investment
The Technical Department Manager believes investment is needed on No. 2 machine to
lower variability however he is not sure if the economic climate would allow.
The Works Manager stated in Memo 13 that the decrease in fiberglass content over the
years was to cut production costs.
ii. Lack of maintenance
Lack of maintenance is inferred in the case by the increasing variability or increasing
standard deviation of the machine. This can be a combination of lack of maintenance, use
of substandard parts, or lack of applicable knowledge in repair and maintenance of the
machine. The cumulative effect of this over the 5 year period substantiates the sentiments
expressed by the Technical Department Manager in the above point about investment
being needed.
iii. Old/Substandard Machines
Evidence of use of old equipment in BSAP Ltd. is seen by the Works Manager being
unable to keep an appointment because he had to attend an urgent meeting on the
difficulties that Production is experiencing with No.4 machine. In Memo 10 the
Technical Department Manager stated that he believes increase investment is needed on
No.2 machine in order to achieve this lower variability.
It appears that the company is experiencing major problems with its production machine
lines, mainly machine 2 and 4. These problems contribute to the product strength
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variability which in turn contributes to wastage, higher compensation cost and customer
dissatisfaction.
iv. Increase in Machine No. 2 Variability from 2005 2010
The Technical Director, in Memorandum No. 10 indicated that a critical analysis was
done into the query about the variability in strength of test samples of CALBILD from
No.2 machine (See Table in Memorandum No. 4). It revealed that there is agreement that
the standard deviation of 8 Kgms for these results is high compared with tests made when
the machine was installed five years ago. According to records, the standard deviation
achieved about five years ago was 6 Kgms. The Technical director stated that he sees no
reason why this variability could not be achieved again with adequate control of the
process. He also believes that the company could gain by reducing the variability even
further since quality specifications could be achieved with lower fibreglass content. There
is doubt however as to whether this lower variability could be achieved by improving
quality control over and above that needed to reduce variability to the level in 2005. The
lower variability, he believes could be achieved if investment on No.2 machine is done,
however in the present economic climate he does not see this justifiable.
2.2 Short Term versus Long Term Concerns
The following table shows the short term versus long term concerns of the BSAP Company.
Table 2.2: Short Term versus Long Term Concerns
Short Term Long Term
Machine Variability Decreased Market Share
Customer Complaints Undesirable Organization Culture
Poor Quality Control Poor Company Image
Higher Compensation Costs Decreased Competitive Power
Alternate Materials/Suppliers
Total Quality Management
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2.3 Operational versus Corporate Concerns
The following table shows the operational versus corporate concerns of the BSAP Company.
Table 2.3: Operational versus Corporate Concerns
Operational Corporate
Lack of machine maintenance Lack of capital investment into MachineNo. 2
Increased variability of Machine No. 2 Poor Company Image
Poor Quality Control Lower Revenue
Ownership of Responsibility Lower Market Share
Inefficient Meetings Lower Competitive Power
Poor Communication betweenDepartments
High Compensation Costs
Reduced Fibreglass Content Increased Customer Complaints
2.4 Diagnosis of Situations
Using the data provided in the memorandums, the following situations were analyzed in an
effort to diagnose the main problem.
2.4.1 Market Share
Using the sales data for CALBILD (Memorandum 8), the following market share figures
were calculated.
Constraints and Assumptions
The assumption made in this calculation is that the BSAP sales presented represent both
First and Second batches.
One constraint is that the BSAP sales for the second quarter of 2010 along with the
annual local sales are estimated figures.
The following table displays the sales data along with the market share figures.
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2.4.1.1 Analysis of Given DataTable 2.4:Sales Data for CALBILD
Year
Quarter
BSAP Sales(Tonnes)
Annual Local Sales(Tonnes)
Market Share
2006
1 230
6,000
2 390
3 540
4 380
2007
1 260
7,100
2 440
3 520
4 410
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Year
Quarter
BSAP Sales(Tonnes)
Annual Local Sales(Tonnes)
Market Share
2008
1 290
8,300
2 503
3 505
4 490
2009
1 350
8,800
2 560
3 540
4 460
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Year
Quarter
BSAP Sales(Tonnes)
Annual Local Sales(Tonnes)
Market Share
2010
1 390
9,600
2 600
Calculation of Market Share
The BSAP market share for each year was found using the following calculation:
Sample Calculation:
The market share for 2006 was calculated as follows:
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These results are presented graphically below.
Figure 2.2: Graph showing BSAP CALBILD Market Sales
From the graph shown in Figure 2.2, it can be seen that BSAP recorded a gradual decline in
the market share between the period 2006 to 2009. This was then followed by an acute, steady
decline from 2009 to 2010. This trend suggests that a problem exists with the CALBILD
product. It is also known that the fibre glass content of the CALBILD product has decreased
during 2005 to 2009 (Memorandum 11). Therefore, it can be deduced that the poor quality of the
CALBILD product is indirectly responsible for this decrease in sales further resulting in a
decline in the market share. This decline in sales creates a poor company image, lowers the
competitive power and generates lower revenue.
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2.4.2 Quality Standards for CALBILD
BSAPs existing standard accepts all products with strengths greater than 78 kgm. Batches
with strengths between 70-78 kgm are considered seconds and those that are lower than 70 kgm
are scrapped. This is shown in the following diagram.
Figure 2.3: Normal Distribution of Quality Standards for CALBILD
Table 2.5: Analysis of Quality Control Records form Machine 2 (29-01-10 to 18-02-10)
Order No. B.S. Standard Sample size Mean strength(kgm) StandardDeviation (kgm)
824* Not given 43 64.9 7.1
825* 86 kgm 57 83.3 7.3
Sample Calculations
Mean =
Standard Deviation =
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Figure 2.4: Normal Distribution of CALCEIL samples
Figure 2.5: Normal Distribution of CALBILD samples
As shown in figure 2.5 above, out of the 57 samples of CALBILD, more than half of the
population (63%) failed to meet the B.S. specified strength of 86 kgm. Additionally,
approximately 41% of the samples lie within one standard deviation of the required mean (78-86
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kgm) and this would have been sold as first second. This area is also where most of the
customer complaints and compensation are generated. Just about 10% of the samples would fall
in the seconds category and the remaining 11.5% would have been scrapped.
2.4.3 Compensation Costs
The actual relationship between compensation costs and the proportion of fibreglass
strengtheners is not available (Memorandum 11) but an approximation of their relationship was
obtained dividing the annual output by the annual fibreglass usage to compute the raw material
cost and plotting it against the yearly compensation costs. This is shown in the following
diagram.
Figure 2.6:Graph showing the relationship of Compensation Costs and Average % Fibreglass with time
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3 .0 Possible Solutions to the Problem
The following diagram illustrates some possible solutions to the problem that BSAP Company
Limited is currently facing.
Good Product Quali
(CALBILD)
Strengthener Material
Quality Control
Equipment
PersonalCommunication
Decrease in MachineNo. 2 variability from
Quality ControlSystem
Performanceappraisal system
Make aware of jobdescriptions
Total QualityManagement
More info rmalmeeting
2-waycommunication
Moremaintenance
Buy newmachine
Moreinvestment
Alternative Supplier
Increase proportionof fibre glass
Decrease in complaints
Low Compensation Costs
Higher Market Share
Increase competitive powe
Increase revenue
improve Company Image
Figure 3.7: Cause and Effect Diagram Showing Feasible Solutions
The above cause and effect diagram indicates feasible solutions which can be undertaken
to alleviate some of the problems faced by BSAP Co. Ltd. It must be stressed that most of the
solutions under the various headlines are general solutions based on the views of the consultancy
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team. It must be noted however that there are two solutions where sufficient information is
available thus enabling our consulting team to deliberate in detail. These solutions are
highlighted in red on the diagram. Below is a discussion on the proposed solutions.
COMMUNICATION
i. More informal meetings
Improved communication inter-department is crucial so as to enable successful liaison
inter and intra departments. To improve this, our consultancy team suggests the use of the
following methods:
(a) An open door policy which will foster more efficient decision making between
employess and supervisors.
(b) Regular feedback be provided via suggestion box or debriefing sessions to improve
quality of work
(c) A well computerized management information system linking all departments and
enabling effective communication.
ii. Two way communication
To improve this we suggest a workshop for management and employees on
communication skills. Additionally, a team can be appointed to deal with
communications on a regular basis so as to boost employee morale.
PERSONNEL
i. Performance Appraisal System
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Implement a performance appraisal system to evaluate performance of employees and
ensure employees receive re-training in their various roles if necessary. This ensures that
staff is accountable and is linked to their functions and reporting structure.
Clearly defined job descriptions must be provided for employees and re-training is done
as the need arises for revision of job descriptions.
QUALITY CONTROL
i. Total Quality Management
Implementation of a Quality Management System ( ISO 9001 :2008) which will require
thatBSAP do the following :-
- Develop a set of procedures that cover all key processes in the business;
- Monitor processes to ensure they are effective;
- Keep adequate records;
- Check output for defects, with appropriate and corrective action where necessary;
- Regularly review individual processes and the quality system itself for effectiveness;
and facilitate continuous improvement
ii. Quality Control System
Establish formal direct feedback loop between production and inspection departments to
ensure product quality is maintained during production runs
Establish Measurable key performance indicators per department which utilizes a
performance framework such as a Balance scorecard to assess and discuss ways to
continuously improve performance. Production KPIs should be based on a combination
of both quality and quantity.
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STRENGTHENER MATERIAL
i. Increased proportion of fibre glass
By increasing the fiberglass content the following will occur:
- Improved quality of the CALBILD Board
- Reduced consumer complaints
- A greater market share
- Reduced overall cost of production
ii. Alternative Supplier
- Source and alternative supplier of make arrangements with present supplier to have
reduced cost when purchasing in bulk.
EQUIPMENT
i. Purchase New Machines
BSAP should consider budgeting for a complete machine upgrade. New equipment
coupled with proper training in its use will reduce variability in product quality.
ii. More maintenance
Establish clear maintenance procedures regarding equipment. This will include
preventative maintenance and repair procedures.
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iii. More investment
More investment is necessary for the following:
- Training employees in the effective use, repair and maintenance of machines
- purchasing of new equipment to improve product quality
- Research and development to improve product quality
iv. Decrease in machine No. 2 Variability
Since reference is made substantially about the variability of Machine No. 2, we suggest
that a trial be done to ascertain which product is best suited for manufacturing in this
machine. Once this is done then this machine can be solely dedicated to a specific
product. This will not only reduce variations in the setup of production runs but also
optimize product quality and reduce cost of maintenance.
From the cause and effect diagram shown in Figure 3.7 there are numerous feasible
options emerging from combinations of fibre glass content and machine variability. Each
option identified will be analyzed based on two approaches i.e. Compensation Practice
versus Uplifting Approach. Feasible Options
In this section the feasible options will be generated and the implications of each option
will be analyzed. The following table contains a list of feasible options.
Table 3.6: Feasible Options
Optio
ns
Mean Strength of
CALBILD/(kgm)
Standard Deviation/Variability of
No. 2 machine
1 83.3 8 (current situation)
2 86 6
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3 86 8
4 92 8
5 92 6
6 98 8
7 98 6
8 104 89 104 6
Option 1 Do Nothing This option involves leaving the present situation as is i.e. leaving
the current fibre glass content unchanged (36.1 %) and the machine variability of 8. This
situation yields a mean fibre glass content of 83.3 kgm.
Option 2 This option involves increasing the fibre glass content to 38.3 % to yield an expected
mean sample strength of 86 kgm. This option also involves changing the standard deviation of
the machine to 6 kgm.
Option 3 This option involves increasing the fibre glass content to 38.3 % to yield an expected
mean sample strength of 86 kgm. The machines standard deviation is left unchanged in this
option.
Option 4 This option involves increasing the fibre glass content to 44.4 % to yield an expected
mean sample strength of 92 kgm. The machines standard deviation is left unchanged in this
option.
Option 5 This option involves increasing the fibre glass content to 44.4 % to yield an expected
mean sample strength of 92 kgm. This option also involves changing the standard deviation of
the machine to 6 kgm.
Option 6 This option involves increasing the fibre glass content to 51.7 % to yield an expected
mean sample strength of 98 kgm. The machines standard deviation is left unchanged in this
option.
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Option 7 This option involves increasing the fibre glass content to 51.7 % to yield an expected
mean sample strength of 98 kgm. This option also involves changing the machines variability to
6 kgm.
Option 8 This option involves increasing the fibre glass content to 62 % to yield an expected
mean sample strength of 104 kgm. The machines variability is left unchanged in this option.
Option 9 This option involves increasing the fibre glass content to 62 % to yield an expected
mean sample strength of 104 kgm. This option also involves changing the machines variability
to 6 kgm.
3.1 Sensitivity Analysis of Options
In this section, the options that were generated above would be exposed to a sensitivity
analysis which involves the application of the Compensation Practice and Uplifting Approach to
determine which approach yields more profits. Sections 3.1.1 to 3.1.5 discuss the preliminary
analyses whose results were used to execute the sensitivity analysis.
Compensation Practice
This approach involves using the existing standard for CALBILD which classifies all
batches of strength 78 kgm or more as acceptable product. This approach requires that customers
be compensated for any complaints. With this approach Grade 1 and 2 batches are sold at $5.00
per square metre and Grade 3 batches at $2.70 per square metre. In this approach Grade 1
batches are considered to be First (> 86 kgm), Grade 2 batches to be First-Second (78-86 kgm)
and Grade 3 batches to be Seconds (70-78 kgm).
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Uplifting Approach
This approach involves the increasing of the acceptance level to from 78 kgm to 86 kgm.
This is where whatever was originally considered as First-Second class (i.e. > 86 kgm) will be
considered class. Grade 1 and Grade 2 batches will represent First and First-Seconds respectively
and they will be sold at $5.00 per square metre while Grade 3 batches will represent Seconds and
this product will be sold at $2.70 per square metre.
3.1.1 Projected Proportions of Production among Options Generated
Based on the generated options, the proportions of production was determined and
presented below using normal distribution curves. These results are summarized in Table 3.9.
Shifting of Means, Adjustment of Machine variability and their implications
The diagrams presented in Appendix A: Normal Distributions for Options Generated
shows how the various options affect the mean strength of CALBILD and the proportions of
First, First Second, Seconds and Scrap produced. It can be seen that by increasing the
percentage of fibreglass, the mean strength of the product increases. This produces more of the
First class batch. Secondly, by adjusting the machine variability form 8 to 6, the amount of First
Second produced is increased. This increase in First Second production could result in increased
compensation costs.
Table 3.7: Projected Proportions among Options Generated
Options First FirstSecond
Second Scrap Total
1 40.52% 35.90% 18.93% 4.65% 100%
2 50.00% 41.31% 8.28% 0.41% 100%
3 50.00% 34.10% 13.60% 2.30% 100%
4 83.00% 13.08% 3.62% 0.30% 100%
5 85.08% 13.90% 1.01% 0.01% 100%
6 93.57% 5.83% 0.58% 0.02% 100%
7 97.72% 2.24% 0.045% 0.00% 100%
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8 98.75% 1.19% 0.06% 0.00% 100%
9 99.86% 0.14% 0.00% 0.00% 100%
3.1.2 Raw Material Cost Per Square Metre of CALBILD Board
In order to determine the gross profits from each option, the costs to produce CALBILD
product must be determined. Therefore, the following table was computed to reflect the total
costs based on a 10 % fibre increase (as stated in Memorandum 7).
Table 3.8: Raw Material Costs Per Square Metre of CALBILD Board
Option
s
%
G.F
(1)G.F.O
.Cost
(2)G.F.N.
Cost (10%increase)
(3)Wood
FCost
(4)Resi
nCost
(1+3+4)
OldTotal
(2+3+4)New
Total
1 36.1 0.79 0.87 0.40 0.36 1.55 1.63
2 38.3 0.84 0.92 0.38 0.36 1.58 1.66
3 38.3 0.84 0.92 0.38 0.36 1.58 1.66
4 44.4 0.98 1.08 0.34 0.36 1.68 1.78
5 44.4 0.98 1.08 0.34 0.36 1.68 1.78
6 51.7 1.13 1.24 0.29 0.36 1.78 1.89
7 51.7 1.13 1.24 0.29 0.36 1.78 1.89
8 62.0 1.35 1.49 0.21 0.35 1.91 2.05
9 62.0 1.35 1.49 0.21 0.35 1.91 2.05
3.1.3 Conversion factor
The determination of a conversion factor was necessary since the costs in Table 3.8
represents cost per metre and the BSAP sales figures shown in Memorandum 9 are in tonnes.
Therefore, these costs were recalculated to represent costs per tonne since the cost to produce a
percentage of sales will be determined by multiplying the cost per tonne by the BSAP sales in
tonnes. The calculation of the conversion factor is shown below.
Weight of standard sheet of CALBILD board = 31.5 kg 0.0315 tonnes
Area of standard sheet of CALBILD board = 3.0 m 1.5 m = 4.5 m2
4.5 m2 0.0315 tonnes
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=> 1 tonne =
= 142.86 m2
3.1.4 Raw Material Total Costs per Tonne of CALBILD Board
Using the conversion factor that was determined above, the following table was produced.
Table 3.9: Raw Material Total Costs Per Tonne of CALBILD Board
Options
%G.F
Total(Costper
SquareMetre)
Total(Costper
Tonne)
1 36.1 1.63 232.86
2 38.3 1.66 237.153 38.3 1.66 237.15
4 44.4 1.78 254.29
5 44.4 1.78 254.29
6 51.7 1.89 270.01
7 51.7 1.89 270.01
8 62 2.05 292.86
9 62 2.05 292.86
3.1.5 Procedures Adopted
This section outlines the procedures for determination of the gross profit and
compensation costs. This profit was determined by subtracting the cost of goods sold from the
revenue. In the case of the compensation approach, compensation costs were also subtracted. The
following formulas used to obtain revenue and cost of goods sold.
3.1.5.1 Calculation of Revenue
Revenue from Proportion = BSAP Sales (2010)* Projected Proportion of Production
Selling Price per sq/m Conversion factor
*see Section 3.1.5.4 for determination of BSAP sales for 2010.
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3.1.5.2 Calculation of Cost of Proportion of CALBILD sold
Cost of proportion sold= BSAP Sales (2020) Projected Proportion of Production Total
Raw Material Cost per tonne
3.1.5.3 Determination of Compensation Costs
Compensation costs for the Compensation Practice approach were determined by
interpolating the data given in Memorandum 11 to arrive at compensation costs for each of the
options generated.
3.1.5.4 Determination of Revenue for Quarter 3 and 4 for 2010
The BSAP sales for the remaining two quarters of 2010 were calculated using the same
rate of change experienced during quarter 3 and 4 of 2009. From this reasoning, quarter three and
four sales were determined to be 579 tonnes and 493 tonnes respectively. These estimations
resulted in total sales for 2010 of 2062 tonnes.
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3.1.6 Compensation Practice Approach
The following table displays the projected gross profits for the options generated using the
Compensation Practice Approach.
Table 3.10: Compensation Practice Approach
Options
%FibreGlas
s
GrossProfit(Grade1) / $
GrossProfit(Grade2) / $
GrossProfit
(Grade 3)/ $
Compensation Costs / $
TotalGross
Profit / $
1 36.1 402,253.90 356,389.81 59,667.63 500,000.00* 318,311.34
2 38.3 491,941.65 406,442.19 25,366.23 364,444.44 559,305.6
33 38.3 491,941.65 335,504.21 41,664.34 364,444.44 504,665.7
6
4 44.4 787,288.71 124,069.11 9810.66 189,090.91 732,077.57
5 44.4 807,018.36 131,847.15 2737.23 189,090.91 752,511.83
6 51.7 857,219.08 53,410.14 1383.87 0.00 912,013.09
7 51.7 895,238.31 21,437.35 119.30 0.00 916,794.96
8 62.0 858,146.66 10,341.21 114.89 0.00 868,602.76
9 62.0 867,792.67 1216.61 0.00 0.00 869,009.28
*Includes administrative costs
3.1.7 Uplifting Approach
The following table displays the projected gross profits for the options generated using the
Uplifting Approach.
Table 3.11: Uplifting Approach
Options
%FibreGlass
Gross Profit(Grade 1) / $
Gross Profit(Grade 2) / $
Gross Profit(Grade 3) / $
Total GrossProfit / $
1 36.1 402,253.90 113,157.32 59,667.63 575,078.85
2 38.3 491,941.65 126,555.44 25,366.23 643,863.32
3 38.3 491,941.65 104,467.21 41,664.34 638,073.20
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4 44.4 787,288.71 35,448.47 9,810.66 832,547.84
5 44.4 807,018.36 37,670.78 2,737.23 847,426.37
6 51.7 857,219.08 13,910.27 1,383.87 872,513.22
7 51.7 895,238.31 5,344.60 119.30 900,702,21
8 62.0 858,146.66 2,278.63 114.89 860,540.18
9 62.0 867,792.67 268,07 0.00 868,060.74
Figure 3.8: Graphs showing variations in Gross Profits for Compensation Practice & Uplifting Approach
From the graph shown above it can be seen that the Uplifting Approach is more
profitable below a fibre glass content of 51.7 %. At this point the machine variability is 8.
Beyond a fibre glass content of 51.7 %, the Compensation Practice becomes more profitable.
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3.2 Assumptions and Constraints
This section outlines the assumptions and constraints that were taken into account when
performing the phase 2 investigation of the BSAP Company Ltd.
3.2.1 Assumptions
BSAP is a medium-sized company Based on the market share calculations presented
in Section 2.4.1, it was seen that BSAP Ltd. owned an average of 23% of the market.
Accurate information It is assumed that the information contained in the memos is
accurate.
Inefficient policies and procedures According to Memorandum 1, the Sales Director
states that he is currently working with the Sales Manager to develop new procedures and
methods to create more aggressive selling.
Absence of quality assurance and control programme According to Memorandum 4,
the Sales Director indicated that he have been unable to discover why the quality
specifications are not met and he suggests the setting up of a working party to improve
quality of products. Also, according to Memorandum 11, the Sales Manager expressed
dissatisfaction in the Production Department not being able to introduce procedures to
meet quality specifications.
Unaware of job descriptions According to Memorandum 1, the Sales Director stated
that representatives of the Operations Department lacked a clear directive of what is
expected of them.
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Sales Data for CALBILD product- The sales data for CALBILD (Memorandum 8)
represents First and First-Second batches. It was also assumed that the sales data can
be projected. Projection was done for Q3 and Q4 of 2010. The same rate of change for
Q3 and Q4 of 2009 was applied to 2010 during the same period.
Estimated fixed costs It was assumed that fixed costs were constant for all fixed cost
items. This assumption allowed for simplicity in calculations.
Variable costs It was assumed that some variable cost items and others such as labour
and production costs remained unchanged as the raw materials varied. The total raw
material costs were used for its corresponding option calculation.
Estimated Compensation Costs (including Administrative Costs) It was assumed
that 100% of compensation costs were incurred due to the sales of the First-Second
products since they all fell below the B.S. specification of 86 kgm.
3.2.2 Constraints
Machine data - Lack of data relating to the maintenance cost of No. 2 Machine
Compensation costs Lack of data relating to the compensation costs for % fibre glass
over 47.8%
Limited data Data provided is limited to that provided in the Memos. More
investigation is required in the third phase.
Insufficient Sales Data Sales forecast for 2010 was incomplete.
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4 .0 Focal Areas for Further Investigation in the Final Phase
The Expendables Value Consultants recommended the following areas to be considered for
further investigation:
Strategic Objectives - Top management should review the companys strategic
objectives in order to produce a clear company mission and vision for the employees
(Memo 1).
Job Description - The sales representatives may be unclear about their job
description (Memo 1). This concern is raised by the Sales Director and can be
addressed by reviewing the job specifications of the employees and developing a
Performance Appraisal System.
Compensation costs versus Fibre glass content - A study into the change in
compensation costs with fibreglass content above 47.8% (Memo 11). This would
enable a more precise calculation of profits for options with fibreglass content over
this amount.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control - There is no implication that the BSAP
Company employs a Quality Assurance/Quality Control Programme (Memo 4 & 11).
This programme would aid in determining the reasons why the quality specifications
are not being met. A more accurate testing and measuring procedure or equipment
should be considered as the current procedure is unable to give an accuracy of more
than 1 kgm (Memo 7).
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Alternate suppliers - The Company should investigate whether alternate suppliers
for raw materials can be explored. The memos suggest that the company has a sole
supplier.
Machine Repair - The company should determine whether increased investments
into Machine No.2 can be justified (Memo 10). This increase may exceed the normal
Preventative Maintenance (PM) costs that may have been conducted on the machine.
Value Management Principles
Management Style: the BSAP Company should review their current management
style to determine if the concepts of value and function are being utilized effectively.
Teamwork and communication principles should be investigated as the case indicates
the presence of poor human dynamics in the company. The management team should
encourage a work environment that harbours creativity, innovation, a functional
approach and focus on customer requirements (British Standards Institute 2000).
Human Dynamics: The BSAP case indicates the presence of poor teamwork as the
different departments, Sales and Production, are not working together to determine
the cause of the problem. Other areas in human dynamics that could be investigated
are satisfaction; giving credit for individual and team contributions, communication; a
common understanding and better group support and ownership; the group or
individual responsible for implementing Value Management activities. (British
Standards Institute 2000).
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Environmental Considerations: The management team should identify conditions,
constraints and opportunities that are internal and external to the organization that
may influence Value Management practices. These may include specific
organizational rules and policies, market conditions and competitors (British
Standards Institute 2000).
Methods and Tools: The management team should assess their current methods and
tools used to determine the efficiency of their processes and procedures used to
manufacture their products. Common Value Management methods and tools that can
be used are Value Analysis, Function Analysis, Design to Cost and Design to
Objectives (British Standards Institute 2000).
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5 .0 Recommendations on Design, Implementation &Monitoring of a Improvement Programme
The Value Management approach would be adopted to develop an improvement programme
for the BSAP Company Limited. The elements of this approach and the application of its
elements to the BSAP case have been described in the following sections.
Value Management is a style of management, particularly dedicated to motivating people,
developing skills and promoting synergies and innovation, with the aim of maximizing the
overall performance of an organization (British Standards Institute 2000).
The key principles of Value Management which were mentioned as focal areas for further
investigation in the final phase (see Section 4) can be brought together in a management
framework comprising:
A Policy;
A Programme;
Training, and
Specific studies;
5.1 Establishment of a Value Management Framework
Assuming that there is an absence of a Value Management Framework in the BSAP
Company Ltd., it is recommended that such a framework be developed in order to establish a
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Value Culture within the organization. This framework will be used as solution for improvement
within the BSAP Company.
The following diagram illustrates the interrelationship between components of the Value
Management Framework and the rest of an organizations management structure.
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GENERAL MANAGEMENT GOALS
VM PolicyConsistent with and contributes to Other Policies
VM PROGRAMME
Owned by Champion (the Value Manager)
Establishes procedures for training and Practice
VM TRAINING
Establishes cultureProvides awareness
Builds competence
VM STUDIES
Formal application of
methods for:Strategic studies
Organizational studies
Operational studies
VM METHODS AND TOOLS
Application of selected methods
VALUECULTURE
EnableinnovativedecisionsbasedonValue
FEEDBACKFORCONTINUOUSIM
PROVEMENT
Figure 5.9: Illustration of Value Management Framework within an Organization
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5.2 Value Management Policy
The BSAP Companys top management team should develop a Value Management Policy
that is based on the organizations goals and objectives. This policy should have a holistic
approach and would guide the activities and practices within the VM programme. It should seek
to satisfy the needs of the customers and stakeholders. Adherence to the Value Management
policy should be the responsibility of the middle management team or a Value Manager (British
Standards Institute 2000).
5.3 Value Management Programme
A Value Management Programme is a planned and structured array of activities which
enables the development, implementation and maintenance of a Value Management Policy in a
suitable manner (British Standards Institute 2000). The Value Management Programme includes:
integration of Value Management within the organization and development of
procedures;
quantified targets, performance indicators and other means for assessing results;
Value Management Studies;
appropriate resources, teams, timetables and budgets;
a plan for appropriate deployment of resources;
training and awareness for members of the organization;
supporting non Value Management studies;
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a management plan of actions to be taken to implement the outcome of Value
Management studies;
mechanisms for feedback of results and continuous improvement.
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5.3.1 Hiring a Value Manager
This is the first initiative that should be adopted by BSAP Company Ltd. since the design,
development and implementation of a Value Management Programme should be made the
responsibility of a single individual, the Value Manager. The duties of the Value Manager will
include collection of suitable subjects for VM studies, form teams, organize training and
supervise progress of studies. Since BSAP Company Ltd. is a medium sized organization, these
duties can be assigned to one member of staff.
5.3.2 Value Management Study
The Value Management study involves the application of one or more methods to a
specific subject identified within a Value Management Programme (British Standards Institute
2000). The VM study is led by a leader. Therefore, the BSAP Company Ltd. should assign a
study leader who will define the objectives of the study in relation to the VM Policy and
Programme. The members of the VM Study team should comprise a disparate group of people
representing the various stakeholders from the departments within the BSAP Company Ltd. It is
recommended that this team be cross-functional in nature. The following diagram reflects the
benefits of the participation and knowledge/expertise overlap obtained through the formation of a
cross-functional team within the BSAP Company.
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TECHNICAL MARKETING
PRODUCTIONWORKS
CONSTRUCTIOVERLAP
Figure 5.10: Expertise/Knowledge Overlap of VM Study Team for BSAP Company
This cross-functional team will be responsible for identifying the methods and supporting
processes needed to achieve the objectives in relation to the VM Policy and Programme. BSAP
Company Ltd. will need to source the necessary training for the application of these methods.
This VM Study team will need to set performance and resource targets and devise a method for
their measurement. The monitoring and measurement of outcomes will be necessary in order to
compare achievements with targets which can further assist in providing feedback for the
benefits of future studies. It is also recommended that the VM study leader establish a timetable
for the study and identify the resources to be used.
5.4 Value Management Training
In order for the BSAP Company to implement the VM programme effectively, proper
training would be needed to develop the Value Culture and competence in Value Management
practices within the entire organization. Firstly, the levels of competence in each of the subject
areas in the VM programme should be determined then the appropriate level of training applied
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(British Standards Institute 2000). The training should be made available to employees at all
levels in the company and should focus on support for Value Management activities, methods
and tools to be used in the VM programme and developing an awareness of value among staff.
One benefit of this training would be the future application of Value Management practices to
more complex and strategic issues.
5.5 Value Management Tools and Methods
There are various methods and tools that can be employed by the BSAP Company to assess
or re-engineer key processes and procedures used to bring value to customers. Some of which
are:
The Function Analysis method, which can be used to identify the key functions of a
product, system or an organization (British Standards Institute 2000). The BSAP
Company can use this tool to determine the products functions, its performance
requirements and improve communication among the different departments involved.
The Value Analysis method improves the competitiveness of a product by allowing the
manufacturer and the customer to design, produce, maintain and use the product
effectively. This tool can be used in conjunction with the Function Analysis method to
increase the value of the product (British Standards Institute 2000).
A subset of the Function Analysis process is the Function Cost analysis. This tool can be
used by the BSAP Company to determine the total cost in providing a specific function in
a product (British Standards Institute 2000).
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6 .0 Conclusion
Based on the sensitivity analysis that was performed it is recommended that the BSAP
Company Limited adopt the Uplifting Approach due to the fact that this approach yields more
profits up to a fibre glass content of 51.7 %. Although the Compensation Practice yields more
profits beyond this fibre glass content, these projected profits were calculated with the absence of
information regarding compensation costs over a fibre glass content of 51.7 %. Although, this
lack of information creates a limitation, it can be projected that the actual returns from the
Compensation Practice will definitely be lower than the amounts currently reflected in Figure
3.8. The provision of these compensation costs would have given a true reflection of the
projected returns from the Compensation Practice.
In conjunction with the Uplifting Approach it is recommended that BSAP Company
Limited adopt option 7 since this option yields the most profits. This option involves a reduction
in the machines variability to 6 kgm. The information regarding the investment required to
achieve this lower variability was not provided. Therefore, it is advised that BSAP Company
Limited only accept option 7 provided that the required investment does not exceed $28, 188.99
(i.e. difference in profits between option 7 and 6). Otherwise we recommend that management
consider option 6 which is the second most profitable option under the Uplifting Approach with
a machine variability of 8 kgm (i.e. the machines condition is unchanged/investments not
required). With the adoption of either of these options, the B.S. specification of 86 kgm mean
strength will be achieved.
Although these options were generated based on the information provided in the memos,
analysis of the other feasible solutions presented in Figure 3.7 is a venture that can be carried out
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to determine which one is the most cost effective based on some sort of decision analysis. The
analyses presented in this report focused on the implications of increasing fibre glass content and
reducing the variability of the machine. However, numerous other solutions exists and its worth
exploring their implications.
Considering the focal areas for further investigation, The Expendables Value Consultants
Limited advise that the BSAP Company Limited establish a Value Management Framework as
an improvement programme. This framework will serve as a tool for maximizing the overall
performance of your company and may involve external expertise for its implementation. The
staff at the Expendables Value Consultant Limited will be glad to assist your company in this
endeavour.
The Expendables Value Consultants commend your company in recognizing that a problem
exists and we are eager to provide any further consultation if you desire,
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7 .0
References
British Standards Institute. Value Management. Standard, London: British Standards Institute ,
2000.
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Appendix
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8 .0
Appendix A. Normal Distributions for Options Generated
Figure A. 1: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 1
Figure A. 2: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 2
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Figure A. 3: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 3
Figure A. 4: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 4
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Figure A. 5: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 5
Figure A. 6: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 6
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Figure A. 7: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 7
Figure A. 8: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 8
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Figure A. 9: Normal Distribution Curve for Option 9
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