Download - The Fertile Crescent Chapter 2:ii
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The Fertile Crescent Chapter 2:ii
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[Image Source: Biblical Archaeology Review, July/August 1996, p. 56.]
The archaeologist
Sir Leonard
Woolley discovered
the city of Ur.
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The Crown of Queen Pu-Abi.
[Image source: National Geographic]
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Woolley’s work showed that people had lived in Mesopotamia for a long time.
[Image source: Biblical Archaeology Review, July/August 1996, p. 56.]
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People from Arabia and the highlands of Turkey migrated to the Fertile Crescent ca. 5000 years B.C.
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Clogged with deposits of silt, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers often overflowed, sometimes sweeping
entire villages away.
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/jaydambrosio/mesopotamia.html]
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Villages in early Mesopotamia built elaborate
systems to control seasonal
flooding and divert river
water to irrigate their fields.
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By 4000 B.C. Mesopotamian farmers were producing an abundance of grain crops.
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Circa 3500 B.C. the Sumerians settled in the lower part of the Tigris-Euphrates river valley.
[Image source:http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/faculty/jmac/meso/meso.htm]
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The region they settled in Mesopotamia
became known as Sumer.
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A ziggurat, or temple, was at the center of every Sumerian city.
[Image source: http://www.taisei.co.jp/cg_e/ancient_world/ur/aur.html]
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Ziggurats were composed of a series of terraces with a temple or
shrine on the top.
[Source: http://www.jlc.net/~brian/art/fertile_crescent.html]
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Only priests and priestesses were allowed to enter the
shrine, which was dedicated
to the city-state’s chief
deity.[Image source: http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/faculty/jmac/meso/meso.htm]
This is longer
than the line
at Disney
World!
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Every Sumerian city-state was originally governed by a council of nobles and an
assembly of wealthy citizens.
[Image source: http://www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html]
Hey! Cold
hands!
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By 2700 B.C. many of the
Sumerian city-states had become
hereditary monarchies governed by
kings.[Image source: http://www.jlc.net/~brian/art/fertile_crescent.html]
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Sumerian kings also served as
the high priest, representing the city-state’s chief
deity.[Image source:
http://members.tripod.com/jaydambrosio/mesopotamia.html]
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Sumerian city-states were also theocracies where much of the land belonged to the local deity.
[Image source: http://www.taisei.co.jp/cg_e/ancient_world/ur/aur.html1
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Game of Ur
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/jaydambrosio/mesopotamia.html]
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Roles of Men and Women
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Family life and the roles of men and women was regulated by
Sumerian law.
[Image source: http://www.taisei.co.jp/cg_e/ancient_world/ur/aur.html]
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As heads of households,
men exercised great authority over their wives
and children.
[Image source: http://home.korax.net/~websiter/postcards.html]
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Sumerian law allowed men to
sell family members into
slavery in order to retire a debt!
[Image source: http://arthistory.about.com/arts/arthistory/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-oi.uchicago.edu%2FOI%2FMUS%2FHIGH%2FOIM_A12332.html]
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Women were allowed to
buy and sell property, operate
businesses, and own and
sell slaves.[ http://www.upenn.edu/museum/Collections/royaltombsoverview.html]
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Writing on
Clay Tablets
[Image source: http://early-cuneiform.humnet.ucla.edu/archaic/index.html]
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By 3100 B.C. the Sumerians developed a system of writing
known as cuneiform, or “wedged-shaped writing,” to keep records.
[Image source: http://www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/PROJ/SUM/Sumerian_Tablet.html1]
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Cuneiform began with pictograms or pictures meant to represent the items
depicted.
[Image source: http://www.upenn.edu/museum/Games/cuneiform.html]
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[Image source: National Geographic]
Sumerians wanting to
become scribes spent many
years studying in schools
called eddudas.
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The Epic of Gilgamesh, possibly the
oldest story in the world, was first written in
cuneiform circa 1850 B.C.
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/jaydambrosio/mesopotamia.html]
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Sumerians used cylinder seals to “sign” legal documents.
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/jaydambrosio/mesopotamia.html]
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Sumerian Religion
[Image source: http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/faculty/jmac/meso/meso.htm]
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Each Sumerian deity presided over a specific
natural force or human activity.
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An, the highest
Sumerian deity, was
responsible for the seasons.
Oh, Great
God An....
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Enlil, god of winds
and agriculture created the hoe (ho?).
I’m his Ho,
ho, ho!
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Each city-state had a patron god or goddess to
whom they prayed.[Image source: http://crystalinks.com/sumerart.html]
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Sumarians pictured their
deities as unpredictable,
selfish beings who had little regard for human life.
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Sumerian priests and priestesses performed religious ceremonies
and rituals in an effort to appease their tempermental dieties.
[Image source: http://crystalinks.com/sumerart.html]
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Sumerians viewed the afterlife as a grim
underworld devoid of light or air.
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Sumerian Inventions
[Image source: Scientific American]
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[Image source:http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/faculty/jmac/meso/meso.htm]
Wagon wheel
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Arch
[Image source: http://www.nps.gov/jeff/arch-ov.htm]
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Potter’s wheel
[Image source: http://billtom.home.mindspring.com/dgates/wheel.html]
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Sun Dial
[Image source: http://www.floridaplants.com/store/sundials.htm]
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The Sumerians developed a number system based on 60 and a 12-month calendar.
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First to make bronzeout of copperand tin.
{image source: Scientific American]
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[Image source: http://www.upenn.edu/museum/Collections/royaltombsoverview.html]
The Sumerians produced an abundance of finely crafted metal work,
some of which was recovered in the Royal
Cemetery at Ur.
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The First Mesopotamian
Empires
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The first empire-
builder in Mesopotamia was Sargon I
of Akkad.
[Image source: http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/ueg.html]
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Sargon I conquered all the city-states of Mesopotamia and united
them in one empire.
[Image source: http://www.crystalinks.com/sumermilitary.html]
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Akkadian empirecirca 2200 B.C.
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Under Sargon, the
people of Mesopotamia began to use
the Akkadian language.
[Image source: http://www.crystalinks.com/akkadia.html]
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The city-state of
Ebla was located
northwest of the
kingdom of Akkad.
[Images source: National Geographic]
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Control of the overland trade routes between Egypt and Mesopotamia
made Ebla a wealthy city.
[Image source: National Geographic]
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Sargon’s grandson
Naram-Sin captured and burned the city of Ebla.
[Image source: National Geographic]
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The destruction of Ebla had the effect of preserving a vast
library of cuneiform texts.
[Image source: http://www.mazzaroth.com/ChapterFour/Ebla.htm]
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The Amorites, a Semitic people from western Syria, poured into Mesopotamia and overran many Sumerian cities circa 2000 B.C..
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Hammurabi, a scion of the dynasty founded at Babylon,
brought the entire region under his control.
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Hammurabi organized a
strong government
and worked to increase the prosperity of
his people.[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/jaydambrosio/mesopotamia.html]
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Source: Biblical Archaeological Review, March/April 1995, p. 49.
Hammurabi created a
unified code of law that regulated
most aspects of daily life.
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Hammurabi’s Code clearly stated which actions were considered violations and assigned specific
punishments for each.
[Image source: http://www.getnet.com/~labores/babylonia.html]
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Hammurabi’s purpose was
“to make justice appear in the
land.”
[Image source: http://www.getnet.com/~labores/babylonia.html]
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Hammurabi’s code consisted of 282 sections, some of which dealt with:
• property of married women
• adoption and inheritance
• interest rates on loans
• damage to fields by cattle
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Source: Biblical Archaeological Review, March/April 1995, p. 53.
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Hammurabi’s Code divided society into three social classes:
kings, priests, &
nobles
artisans,
merchants,
scribes, & farmers
slaves
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The Babylonians borrowed heavily from Sumerian culture.
• Why? Duh! Same people, same place, different government.
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The Hittites conquered Babylon circa 1600 B.C.