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The First Global Civilization &
The Birth of Islam Objective: To understand and
analyze the birth of Islam on the Arabian peninsula and how it
evolved into a world religion and created the 1st global civilization.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yX3UHNhQ1Zk
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Oasis Towns & Desert Life in pre-Islamic Arabia
The Arabian peninsula is uninhabitable- mostly desert with some oasis towns
Struggle for subsistence on Arabian peninsula
Bedouins, (nomadic herders- adapt to desert conditions) Clans and tribes
Bedouin & clan religion- Animism & polytheism
Mecca- site of trade and town of 2 meeting caravan routes & also center of pilgrimage- site of the Ka’ba
Yathrib- later named Medina “City of the Prophet”
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The Prophet Muhammad & The Genesis of Islam
Muhammad born 570 CE orphaned at a young age
Born into Bedouin tribe and is a merchant- takes part in caravans –comes into contact with other faiths
At 20 works for and marries Khadija- widowed merchant
Muhammad is dissatisfied with material life and often Meditates
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Muhammad’s Vision: 610 - revelation Has a vision of Gabriel Devotes the rest of his life
to the spread of Islam 622 leaves Mecca for
Medina- Hijra Launches attacks on
Meccan caravans & defeat Muslims – 630 return to Mecca & destroy idols
632 most of peninsula supports new faith including rival Umayyads
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The Ka’ba
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The Message of Islam Based on strict
monotheism – Allah (all powerful God)
Dignity and equality of believers before God
Moral code-Responsible for own actions
Payment of zakat (tax for charity)
No recognition of priests
Idol depiction forbidden
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The Five Pillars: 1) Declaration of faith:
One God: Allah (shahadah)
2) Prayer: 5X a day (salat) 3) Fasting-during holy
month of Ramadan (siyam)
4) Tax for charity (zakat) 5) Hajj: pilgrimage to
Mecca Some consider jihad, a
6th pillar-varying interpretations
(Grand Mosque, Mecca)
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The Quran & Sharia Sacred word of God Final authority Honesty, generosity,
justice Harsh penalties for
stealing or murder In original Arabic
language
• Body of law that applies Quran to everyday life of the umma
• Unites converts to Islam • No separation between
criminal or civil law- Quran all situations
• Islam is a religion and a way of life
Women pray in a mosque in Banda Aceh
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Converts & “People of the Book”
• Muslims share similar beliefs with Christians& Jews- some same Prophets, idea of afterlife, the Bible & Torah are revelations from God
• Jews & Christians are “People of the Book”(spiritually superior to idol worshippers)
• Muslims generally tolerant as long as people pay taxes
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The Succession Crisis 632 Muhammad dies
632- leadership crisis
Clan selects a caliph (political and religious successor to Muhammad)
Choose Abu Bakr (oversees raids on N. Africa, zones in Iraq, Syria, and Egypt)
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Movements within Islam: the Sunni & Shiite (Shia) Split & Further
Factions Sunnis Caliphs be chosen by
members of Muslims community
Pious Muslims- not religious authority
Majority branch
Shiites Only successor to
Muhammad is descendants of Muhammad (imam)
Ali’s right to caliphate
Minority branch Live in Iraq, Iran,
Lebanon, and Yemen
Muhammad's death creates deep rifts within Muslim community 3rd caliph Uthman murdered → his death creates another uproar
Sufis Muslims
mystics Piety & power
Selfless worship of God
Missionary Work
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The Conquest & Spread of Islam
• Empire conquered Persia, parts of Byzantine, Jerusalem, North Africa, & Southern Spain
• Tolerant rulers – “Empire Arab rather than Islamic” • Extent into Spain- Cordoba,Granada• The Umayyad Caliphate- Damascus, warrior
elite, extend Dar-al Islam• The Abbasid Caliphate- Golden Age,
Baghdad, huge bureaucracy, revive Silk Road
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Cordoba, Spain
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The Alhambra
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The Mediterranean Basin 6th Century
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Islamic Culture: “Within the confines of the Islamic domains
were located the center of Hellenistic, Persian, Indian, Egyptian, and Mesopotamian civilizations as well as Christian and Jewish
traditions of thought and learning.”
“The ink of the scholar is more sacred than the blood of the martyr.” -Muhammad
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The Golden Age of Islam Under Harun- al
Rashid (786-809) Art- arabesque,
calligraphy, geometric patters (no idols)
Literature: Poetry & Quran, Sufi Mysticism
Philosophy: Greek philosophers
Science & Math: Hindi numbers- Arabic numerals, algebra
Astronomical tables Medicine: al- Razi
Canon on Medicine
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Islamic Culture: • Harun- al Rashid – golden age of
Abbasids • Achievements in art, architecture,
literature, medicine, science, math, astronomy, philosophy
• Art- no depiction of idols- arabesque/ geometric patterns
• Medicine- al- Razi Canon on Medicine • Translation of Greek thought• Attitudes toward trade & women
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Islamic Art: Arabesque
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