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The forces at work are:
Electromagnetic:
Repulsion of like charges: proton-proton and electron-electron
Attraction of unlike charges: proton-electron.
Magnetic:
Electron spin introduces magnetic forces. Electrons with opposite spins produce opposite magnetic poles. Opposite magnetic poles attract. Opposite spin is required for electrons to occupy the same orbital.
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The Energies involved:
Electron (orbital) Potential Energy:
2s2p
3s3p
3d 4s4p
1s
EN
ER
GY
LE
VE
LE
NE
RG
Y L
EV
EL
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120o109.5o
90o
180o
Bond Angles
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Px
Py
Pz
Px
Py
Pz
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Methane building blocks
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2s 2px 2pz2py1s sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3
109.5o
Promote Hybridize
x
z
y
Methane: Carbon
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CH2O
120o
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2s 2px 2pz2py1s sp2 sp2 sp2
120o
Hybridized
Formaldehyde: Carbon
Promoted
120o
TrigonalPlanar
2s + 2px + 2pz
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2s 2px 2pz2py1s sp2 sp2 sp2
120o
Hybridized
Formaldehyde: Oxygen
120o
TrigonalPlanar
Lone PairsLone Pairs
2s + 2px + 2pz
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Formaldehyde
Sigma bond2 Lone Pairs2 Lone Pairs bondbond
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2s 2px 2pz2py1s sp spPromoted Hybridized
Hydrogen Cyanide: Carbon
2s + 2px
Linear
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2s 2px 2pz2py1s sp spHybridized
Hydrogen Cyanide: Nitrogen
2s + 2px
Linear
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bondbond
bondbond
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PCl5
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3s 3px 3pz3py2
Neon
120o
Hybridized
Phosphorus Pentachloride: Phosphorus
TrigonalBipyrimidal
sp3d sp3d sp3d sp3d sp3d
dxz dyz dxy dx2-y2 dz2
120o
90o
Promoted
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