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Analysis as a Potential Source of Renewable Energy And Bedding
MaterialFor the Organic Dairy Research Farm
John Aber and the NR 403 Forest Production Research Team: Jacki Amante, Makenzie Benander, Brian Godbois, Bella Oleksy, Paul Pellissier, Alyssa Reid, Bryan Vangel
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Sustaining the Organic Dairy Research FarmMajor impediments: Imports
EnergyBeddingGrain
Forest resource could provide two of these
Additional ConcernsEnvironmental Footprint and ImpactFinancial Viability – Diversified Income
Required
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Energy Demand Total Electricity Use and Distribution
Barns/2007 Milking Lights/ Elec.
Pig barn Process Pump Heat Residence Total% 0.410 0.169 0.124 0.255 0.042 1Kwh 46879 19317 14135 29134 4800 114,266$ $7,032 $2,898 $2,120 $4,370 $720 $17,140
50-65% chilling?
Total Energy Use Electricity Oil Gasoline
kWh kWh gal galHeat Process Heat Transport
Annual 76,013 38,253 810 400
Assumes build-out of house as office and education center
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Bedding Requirement135 “Cords”
~ 5 semi tractor-trailer loads
$50-$70 per “Cord”Availability very limited
Estimated weight per “cord”?
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The Forest Resource160 acres of woodlands - UNH campus Master plan
Classic Old-Field New England Woodland
- White Pine - Red Maple - Black Birch - Red Oak - Hemlock
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Measuring Biomass and Productivity
Random Plot locations23 plots7m radius plotsDiameter - All stems >5cm Radial increment – 50 stems
Randomly selected Weighted to larger trees
Leaf Productivity – 19 plots
LocationsWest
-98922-98906-99158-99131-99232-99385-99541-99837-99789-99206-98859-98483-99274-99277
9200
9400
9600
9800
10000
10200
10400
10600
10800
11000
11200
-100200 -99700 -99200 -98700 -98200
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Results: Species and Diameter Distribution
Classic old field composition with selected large stems of Hemlock and Red Oak
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Converting Diameter to BiomassGeneralized Allometric Equations
Different equations relate to different wood densities
Y= a x DBHb
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Biomass by Species and Size Class
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Biomass Production - Wood
White PineHemlock
DeciduousBiomass production per tree is: Biomass at current diameter minus Biomass at diameter five years ago
These relationships give five year growth as a function of diameter: Total wood NPP = 4.2 (+/- 0.4) Mg/ha.yr
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Biomass Production - Foliage
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Comparison WithOther StandsBoth foliar and wood production are in rangewith other old fieldstands in New Englandand the Lake States
Aber, J.D., J.M. Melillo, K.J. Nadelhoffer, J. Pastor and R. Boone. 1991. Factors controlling nitrogen cycling and nitrogen saturation in northern temperate forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications 1:303-315
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Sustainable Energy Yield 4.2 Mg wood 13 MBTU 100 ha 5400 MBTU ha.yr Mg wood Farm Farm.yr
Energy RequirementsElectricity 114,266 Kwh 389 MBTUHeating Oil 810 gallons 112 MBTUGasoline 400 gallons 50 MBTU
Total 551 MBTU
Assume 50% efficiency in conversion to energy:Required Harvest: ~ 20% of Annual Wood NPP
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Assumptions:Mean biomass: 165 Mg/haMean Energy Content: 2145 MBTU/ha50% efficiency in energy conversion and use
Calculation:Available Energy: 1027 MBTU/haFarm Energy Demand: 551 MBTU/yr
Required Harvest: 0.55 ha (~1.2 acres) per year
Acres to Harvest per Year
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Sustainable Bedding Yield
Assumptions:
4.2 Mg wood /ha.yr = 420 Mg/farm.yrStandard cord = 1 Mg woodDensity of shavings = ½ density of whole, stacked wood
Calculation:Bedding yield = 840 “cords”/yr
Farm Demand = 135 “cords”/yr
Required Harvest: ~ 16% of Annual Wood NPP
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Assumptions:Mean biomass: 165 Mg/ha1 Mg = 1 standard cord1 standard cord = 2 “cord” of shavings
Calculation:330 shaving “cords” per haFarm Demand = 135 “cords” of shavings
Required Harvest = ~0.4 hectare (~0.9 acres) per year
Acres to Harvest per Year
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Maximum Use Scenario
Energy: 1.2 acres/yearBedding: 0.9 acres/yearTotal: 2.1 acres/yearTotal Forest Land: 160 acres
Sustainable Rotation Length: 160 acres/(2.1 acres/year) = ~75 years
Total Demand for Energy and Bedding
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Energy Yield from Bedding/Manure Mixture
Jerose and Diamond Hill Farm
Estimates for Burley-DeMerritt:50 Jerseys5.6 tons manure/day90 day compost period194,000 BTU per hour1,700 MBTU per year
As low-grade heat
Total farm demand 551 MBTU
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Alternate Use Scenarios
1. Cogeneration of Electricity and Heat
Efficiency: 80%
Yield: 4320 MBTU/yr
2. Composting of Shavings/Manure
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Alternate Use Scenarios
Thinnings for Bedding and Compost
Harvest of Select Trees for Solids and Veneer
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ConclusionsThere is ample forest production on the farm to
meet annual demands for both energy and bedding
Integrated system including:Thinning for beddingCompost for energy and CO2
Greenhouse operation using heat and CO2
Final woodland harvest for solids and veneers
Could enhance financial sustainability of New England Dairy Farms