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The French Language in England
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The main linguistic effects of the Norman invasion
• Secular and religious authorities became French
• Old English spelling traditions were lost• English came to be written as it was
spoken• Dialectal differences appeared
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The main linguistic effects of the Norman invasion
The changes that had occurred since the Norse invasions, now appeared for the first time in the witten language
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1066-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400
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1066-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400
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The French Language in England 1066-1200
• Norman French is the native language of the nobility.
• Probably not a great deal of bilingualism.
• Small numbers of French loans enter English.
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1066-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400
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• 1204 Loss of Normandy.• French is the cultivated, prestige language.• Norman French loses prestige and the nobility
begin to look to Paris for their norm.
The French Language in England 1200-1300
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Difference between Norman French and Central (Parisian) French
NORMAN FRENCH• retained k
cattle castle carpenter cauldron carry catch
• retained g
garden gaol
PARISIAN FRENCH• k has become
chattels chair charity chief change
chase
• g has become
joy jest jail
in some environments
in some environments
g survives only in spelling
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Difference between Norman French and Central (Parisian) French
NORMAN FRENCH• is retained in
catch
• w in Germanic loanwords
while ward(en) William
war wasp
PARISIAN FRENCH• has become s in
chase
• w becomes g(w)
guile gardian Guy
(guerre, guêpe)
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• 1204 Loss of Normandy.• French is the cultivated, prestige language.• Norman French loses prestige and the nobility
begin to look to Paris for their norm.• There is a diglossic situation, with French the
high-prestige, English the low-prestige variety.
The French Language in England 1200-1300
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Diglossia
Prestige hus mushaus maus
EnryHenry
Examples from Modern English:
ArthurHarthur
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Diglossia
Prestige hewcolour
neatbeef
stenchscent
athlingprince
Examples from Middle English:
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• 1204 Loss of Normandy.• French is the cultivated, prestige language.• Norman French loses prestige and the nobility
begin to look to Paris for their norm.• There is a diglossic situation, with French the
high-prestige, English the low-prestige variety.• Large numbers of French loans enter English
The French Language in England 1200-1300
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1066-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400
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• English becomes the dominant language, but French remains dominant in literature and at the court.
• Increasing evidence of imperfect knowledge of French amongst the nobility.
• Although the knowledge of French is waning, its linguistic prestige can be seen by still increasing numbers of French loans in English.
The French Language in England 1300-1400
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• 1334-1453 The Hundred Years' War with France. • 1348-9 The Black Death. 30% mortality. Labour
shortage, wage rises, increasing importance of the English-speaking classes
• 1386 English accepted in the courts ('Statute of Pleading')
• Two major English poets at the end of the 14th century: – Gower writes mostly in French (but composes one long work
Confessio amantis, in English) – Chaucer writes almost entirely in English.
• Evidence of private letters: – 1350: French is the rule. – After 1400: English becomes common. – After 1450: English is the rule.
The French Language in England 1300-1400Factors contributing to the decline of French:
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Jeo prie a la Benoit Trinite que vous ottroie bone vie ove tresentier sauntee a treslonge durre, and sende yowe sone to ows in helþ and prosperitee for, in god fey, I hope to Al Mighty God that, yef ye come youre owne persone, ye schulle have the victorie of alle your enemyes. And for salvation of oure Schire and Marches al aboute, treste ye nought to no Leutenaunt.Escript a Hereford, en tresgraunte haste, a trois de la clocke apres noone, le tierce jour de Septembre.
Richard Winston, Dean of Windsor, to the King 1403Baugh fn 195 p. 151
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Baugh: 1000 French words at random
before-1050 21051-1000 01151-1150 21151-1200 71201-1250 351251-1300 991301-1350 1081351-1400 1981401-1450 741451-1500 901501-1550 621551-1600 95
(statistics in footnote to §133, p. 178 5th edn)
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NB first recorded occurence in a written text
status of French
Baugh: 1000 French words