Download - The French Revolution 1
The French The French RevolutionRevolution
“It was the best of “It was the best of times, it was the worst times, it was the worst
of times”of times”A Tale of Two CitesA Tale of Two Cites
Impact of the EnlightenmentImpact of the Enlightenment
Direct challenge to Direct challenge to traditional traditional -political models-political models
- divine right absolutism- divine right absolutism- Christianity and religions - Christianity and religions
institutions (Roman Catholic Church institutions (Roman Catholic Church and and traditional Christian teaching traditional Christian teaching and theology)and theology)
- traditional social order and status- traditional social order and status- economic models (mercantilism)- economic models (mercantilism)
The PhilosophesThe PhilosophesVoltaireVoltaire
Challenged religious Challenged religious intoleranceintolerance
Challenged traditional Challenged traditional Christianity (deist)Christianity (deist)
Challenged social mores Challenged social mores and social conventionand social convention
Supported some Supported some political reform but political reform but retained monarchy as retained monarchy as the best modelthe best model
John LockeJohn Locke Government based on Government based on
natural rights (life, liberty, natural rights (life, liberty, property)property)
Government ruled with the Government ruled with the consent of the peopleconsent of the people
Government was Government was responsible for protecting responsible for protecting the rights and liberties of the the rights and liberties of the peoplepeople
Second Treatise on Civil Second Treatise on Civil GovernmentGovernment
MontesquieuMontesquieu
Proposed that the Proposed that the powers of government powers of government needed to be separate needed to be separate and balancedand balanced
Protection of liberties Protection of liberties Guard against tyrannyGuard against tyranny The Spirit of LawsThe Spirit of Laws
RousseauRousseau
Government ruled with Government ruled with the consent of the the consent of the peoplepeople
Government ruled by Government ruled by popular sovereigntypopular sovereignty
General willGeneral will of the of the citizens was absolutecitizens was absolute
The Social ContractThe Social Contract
The structure of French The structure of French SocietySociety
The Three EstatesThe Three Estates
The First EstateThe First EstateClergy and Church Clergy and Church
LeadershipLeadership
The Second EstateThe Second EstateThe AristocracyThe Aristocracy (nobility)(nobility)
The Third EstateThe Third EstateCommoners: Commoners: merchants, craftsmen, merchants, craftsmen, professional people, working class, farmers, professional people, working class, farmers,
peasantspeasants
French MonarchyFrench MonarchyLouis XVI and Marie AntoinetteLouis XVI and Marie Antoinette
Palace of VersaillesPalace of Versailles
Palace of Versailles Palace of Versailles Hall of MirrorsHall of Mirrors
Problems on the eve of the Problems on the eve of the RevolutionRevolution
– Debt brought on by war Debt brought on by war – Inability to raise sufficient taxesInability to raise sufficient taxes
Peasants had been overtaxed and the aristocratic Peasants had been overtaxed and the aristocratic class had not been taxedclass had not been taxed
– No central bank or paper currency to bolster No central bank or paper currency to bolster the French economy and move it toward the French economy and move it toward recoveryrecovery
– Bankrupt monarchy- tremendous excess and Bankrupt monarchy- tremendous excess and spendingspending
– Grain shortages and bread shortagesGrain shortages and bread shortages– Inflation Inflation
Social Tensions Social Tensions A call for liberty A call for liberty
and equalityand equality
Social tensions between the Social tensions between the three Estatesthree Estates
The Estates RevoltThe Estates Revolt17891789
A call for political reform A call for political reform among many within the among many within the French nobility and the French nobility and the
Third EstateThird Estate
The Third Estate The Third Estate declared itself the new declared itself the new
National AssemblyNational Assembly
Emmanuel Joseph SieyesEmmanuel Joseph SieyesWhat is the Third Estate?What is the Third Estate?
““What is the Third What is the Third Estate? Estate? Everything. What Everything. What has it been in the has it been in the political order to political order to present? Nothing. present? Nothing. What does it ask? What does it ask? To become To become something.”something.”
The National Assembly The National Assembly The Oath of the Tennis CourtThe Oath of the Tennis Court
June 1789June 1789
The Storming of the Bastille The Storming of the Bastille July 14, 1789July 14, 1789
The Declaration of the Rights of The Declaration of the Rights of ManMan
a new constitutiona new constitution
Based on man’s natural rights (John Based on man’s natural rights (John Locke)Locke)
““Men are born free and remain free and Men are born free and remain free and equal in rights.”equal in rights.”
Liberty, property, securityLiberty, property, security Resistance to oppressionResistance to oppression Due process under the lawDue process under the law Equitable taxationEquitable taxation Freedom of religionFreedom of religion
Women of Paris marched on Versailles Women of Paris marched on Versailles demanding that the king address their demanding that the king address their
demandsdemands
A New Government was A New Government was establishedestablished
17891789 France became a constitutional France became a constitutional
monarchymonarchy Power rested with the AssemblyPower rested with the Assembly The Second Estate was abolishedThe Second Estate was abolished The Assembly seized church landsThe Assembly seized church lands
– New currency backed up by money New currency backed up by money gained from church landsgained from church lands
Many in France fled the countryMany in France fled the country
The king and his family attempted to The king and his family attempted to flee France but were intercepted and flee France but were intercepted and
returned to Parisreturned to Paris
The King and Queen were arrested and The King and Queen were arrested and
returned to Parisreturned to Paris
The Second Phase of the The Second Phase of the Revolution Revolution 1792-17951792-1795
The Establishment of the The Establishment of the French RepublicFrench Republic
17921792“Liberty, equality, brotherhood”“Liberty, equality, brotherhood”
The Establishment of the The Establishment of the CommuneCommune
Ruling factions struggled for control of the Ruling factions struggled for control of the governmentgovernment
Girondists- moderate political groupGirondists- moderate political group Jacobins- political radicalsJacobins- political radicals
– ““War against tyranny.”War against tyranny.” Creation of a new popular cultureCreation of a new popular culture
- Monarchy was abolishedMonarchy was abolished- No ChurchNo Church- No aristocracyNo aristocracy
Louis was forced to Louis was forced to wear the hat of the wear the hat of the Revolution Revolution
Many in Europe were highly critical of Many in Europe were highly critical of the Revolution and its violent the Revolution and its violent
excesses.excesses.
Edmund Burke spoke out Edmund Burke spoke out against the Revolution from against the Revolution from
EnglandEngland
Louis XVI was executed Louis XVI was executed 17931793
Several months later, Marie Antoinette Several months later, Marie Antoinette was tried and executedwas tried and executed
A new religionA new religionwas established was established
The Cult of the Supreme BeingThe Cult of the Supreme Being
A new national calendar was put in place. A new national calendar was put in place. Names of the months were changed to Names of the months were changed to
reflect revolutionary valuesreflect revolutionary values
France at war with EuropeFrance at war with Europe17931793
France declared war on Britain, Holland, and France declared war on Britain, Holland, and SpainSpain
Attempted to create a greater sense of national Attempted to create a greater sense of national pride and unity within France to draw the people pride and unity within France to draw the people together together
The draft was institutedThe draft was instituted France created the largest fighting force in France created the largest fighting force in
EuropeEurope French nationalism and patriotic loyalty grewFrench nationalism and patriotic loyalty grew A young Napoleon Bonaparte began to make a A young Napoleon Bonaparte began to make a
name for himself as a military commandername for himself as a military commander
The Committee of Public SafetyThe Committee of Public SafetyRobespierreRobespierre
17931793
The Committee of Public SafetyThe Committee of Public Safetypoliciespolicies
Government controlled and planned Government controlled and planned economyeconomy
Price controlsPrice controls Rationing of foodRationing of food Quality controls Quality controls Government control of small Government control of small
manufacturing (nationalization of small manufacturing (nationalization of small industry)industry)
Control and requisitioning of raw Control and requisitioning of raw materialsmaterials
Robespierre and The Reign of Robespierre and The Reign of TerrorTerror
(Paris and the Provinces)(Paris and the Provinces)1793-17941793-1794
Thousands were Thousands were accused of being accused of being enemies of the enemies of the Republic and were Republic and were executedexecuted
Attempt by Attempt by Robespierre to Robespierre to eliminate any eliminate any opposition to his opposition to his power and vision for power and vision for France France
The Thermidorian Reaction The Thermidorian Reaction 17941794
Robespierre’s tactics and policies Robespierre’s tactics and policies were called into questionwere called into question
A group of political moderates A group of political moderates plotted his deathplotted his death
Robespierre attempted to commit Robespierre attempted to commit suicide but failedsuicide but failed
Executed in July 1794Executed in July 1794
1794-17951794-1795
Economic controls collapsedEconomic controls collapsed Revolts and riots broke outRevolts and riots broke out Many in France called for a return to Many in France called for a return to
traditional Christianity and the traditional Christianity and the ChurchChurch
The Directory 1795-1799The Directory 1795-1799A new governmentA new government
New government was established New government was established Five leaders were elected by electorsFive leaders were elected by electors War efforts expanded in EuropeWar efforts expanded in Europe Growing discontent with government Growing discontent with government
policiespolicies Economic hardships continued as Economic hardships continued as
economic controls were abolishedeconomic controls were abolished Move back toward a more conservative Move back toward a more conservative
governmentgovernment
The End of the DirectoryThe End of the Directory1799-18041799-1804
The Directory failed to The Directory failed to restore order and calm restore order and calm to Franceto France
A consulate of leaders A consulate of leaders was establishedwas established
Napoleon was elected Napoleon was elected first consul first consul
He began to repeal He began to repeal civil liberties and build civil liberties and build a powerful French a powerful French empireempire
The Legacy of the French The Legacy of the French RevolutionRevolution
Political liberalismPolitical liberalism continued to grow in continued to grow in EuropeEurope
NationalismNationalism continued to increase continued to increase throughout Europe would dominate the throughout Europe would dominate the 1919thth and 20 and 20thth century century
European society continued its move European society continued its move toward toward secularismsecularism
Members of the middle class will come to Members of the middle class will come to dominate European politics and societydominate European politics and society