Download - THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
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•First Estate: The church, own 65% land & tax exempt (.5% of pop)
Second Estate: Nobles who hold govt & military postions. Own 25% of land. Tax exempt.
(1.5% of pop)
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Third Estate: 98% of pop, pay all taxes, own no land
Includes peasants &Bourgeoisie –who were middle class (drs Merchants, lawyers, writers
upset w/ nobles)
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•Many problems: Bad harvests, rising food prices, lack of food & clothes, little manufacturing, govt spending money on wars, luxuries.
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•Louis XVI meets w/ Estates General (a gathering of representatives from all three estates) to raise taxes.
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•Each estate gets ONE vote so 3rd asks for a vote from each person.
•3rd wants to get rid of tax exempt.
•King says no & locks palaces so 3rd cant meet.
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•3rd Estate meets 6/17/1789 & calls itself National Assembly
• Swear TENNIS COURT OATH to write new Fr constitution
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•July 14th, 1789 mob storms Bastille, (prison in Paris) after Louis XVI uses troops against National Assembly.
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National Assembly met on Aug. 4th, 1789 & abolish rights of landlords, Church tithes & tax exemptions (after rebellions broke out)
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•Aug 26, 1789, adopt Declaration of the Rights of Man which gave basic liberties for MEN such as: equal rights, freedom of press, speech & no tax exempt. (enlightenment ideas)
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•Louis XVI says no.
•Armed women march & force family to Paris to accept Declaration of Man & National Assembly
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•New constitution written 1791
•Creates Legislative Assembly & limited king
•Men who paid certain amt in taxes could vote (2/3 of pop).
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•Lower classes say no b/c they can’t vote
•King flees & is caught. •Aus & Prussia want Louis back in power, so Leg Assembly declare
war (big losses).
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•1792 radical groups called COMMUNES organize to protest new Constitution
• Paris Commune gets king & forces Legislative Assembly to call for National Convention (a meeting) where all can vote (universal suffrage)
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•Communes called themselves the SANS-COULOTTES
(had no fine clothes, wore pants & were mostly poor working class)
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•At National Convention, New Minister of Justice, Georges Danton is created to go after royal supporters.
•1000s murdered.
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•DO NOT WRITE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!•Sept 1792: National
Convention is ruling body. •Mostly lawyers & property
owners who distrust king. •Spilt into 2 groups over what
to do w/ king. •Both part of JACOBINS- a
network of political groups. GIRONDINS- keep king alive. MOUNTAIN- Kill king
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•King guillotined 1793•Other nations go to war
against France (Aus, Pru, SP, Br, Port, Rus).
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•DON’T WRITE!
•Also killed Louis’ wife, Marie Antoinette.
• Famous for her excess & for saying “let them eat cake”
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•Nat Convention gives the COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SAFETY broad powers to do anything & protect France from enemies of the Revolution
•Prosecuted enemies of rev & 40,000 die, 16,000 by guillotine alone)
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•MAXIMILLAIN ROBESPIERRE ran the CPS w/ Danton (1793-94)
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•Time period was called the Reign of Terror when many were killed.
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•France built a huge army, pushing back its enemies.
•National Convention guillotined Robespierre in 1794.
•Middle class took over & reduce power of CPS. They set up new Constitution w/ a new leg assembly of 2 houses.
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•5 directors act as executive committee called DIRECTORY. Very Corrupt
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NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
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•Napoleon led COUP DE TAT (or sudden overthrow) in 1799 of Directory
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•Set up new govt called CONSULATE & Napoleon is consul & controls army, foreign affairs & legislature.
• Crowns self Emperor in 1804, but
called France a republic
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•Made agreement w/ Catholic church where he recognized it as church of France & in return pope did not ask for stolen lands back.
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•The Napoleonic Code created 7 codes of law.
•CIVIL CODE most important. – equality of citizens, religious toleration, abolish serfdom, choose profession.
(ideas of liberty)
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•Despotism: 1. hurt women’s rights & divorce.
2. Censored newspapers, govt opened mail
3. Secret police4. New nobles mostly military & middle class.
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•DO NOT WRITE!!!!•When Nap became Consul, he signed peace,
•War begins again in 1803 •Btw 1805-1807, Nap beats Aus, Prus, & Rus armies.
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•Built GRAND EMPIRE btw 1807-1812 which included Fr & Italy, Holland, Swiss Republic, SP, Rhine Confederation & Warsaw
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•DON”T WRITE!!!!•Nap tries to invade GB, but navy defeats Nap at Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
• Tries to block trade of Brit to Euro through CONTINENTAL SYSTEM (can’t buy/sell Br goods)
• other states still did.
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•Invades Russia in 1812 (won’t follow Cont Sys.)
•Grand Army of 600,000 march in.
• Rus army retreats 100s of miles, burning own villages as, so French can’t
get supplies.
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•Find Moscow in flames in Winter. Nap retreats & only 40,000 men live.
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NAPOLEON RETREATS
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Stop throwing snowballs
at my men!
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•DO NOT WRITE!!!•Nations rise against a
weakened France.• Paris taken in Mar 1814 • Napoleon exiled to Elba &
monarchy restored• Louis XVIII weak.•Nap escapes & troops join his
side despite being sent to capture him
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•With troops on his side claims self emperor & goes to Paris Mar 20, 1815.
•Nations rise again to get rid of Nap.
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At Battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815 Nap defeated by Duke Wellington & exiled to St Helena (dies there)