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The Future of Condensed Matter and Materials Physics
Steven M. Girvin
Yale University
APS MeetingMarch 3, 2003
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Connections
Biophysics, Biologically Inspired PhysicsHigh Energy Theory
Condensed MatterTheory and Expt. High Energy Expt.
Atomic, Molecular, OpticalMaterials Science
Astronomy CS, EE
Technology Fundamental Physics
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Paradigms“Spherical Cow” Paradigm
Dark Reality• equilibrium• linear response• ordered• non-interacting• local
?
Terra Incognita
• non-equilibrium• non-linear• disordered• interacting• non-local
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‘Soft-Matter’ and Physics at Human Scales
The World is an interesting and complex place…
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Navier-Stokes EquationsGlycerol/water into Air
A Cascade of Structure in a Drop Falling from a Faucet ,X. D. Shi, M. P. Brenner and S. R. Nagel, Science 265, 219-222 (1994).
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Crumple
S. R. Nagel
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Avalanche:
S. R. Nagel
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The Thomson Problem and Spherical CrystallographyThe Thomson Problem and Spherical Crystallography(Nelson and Weitz groups, Harvard)
Finding the ground state of ~26,000 particles on a sphere is replaced by minimizing the energy of only ~ 250 interacting disclinations, representing points of local 5- and 7-fold symmetry.
Grain boundaries in ground state for R/a > 5-10 have important implications for the mechanical stability and porosity of colloidosomes, proposed as delivery vehicles for drugs, flavors and fragrances.
1904: J. J. Thomson asks how particles packon a sphere – relevant to viruses, colloid-coated droplets, and multielectron bubbles in helium
Bausch et al. Science (in press)
“Colloidosome” = colloids of radius a coating water droplet(radius R) -- Weitz Laboratory
Simian virus SV40
Ordering on a sphere a minimum of 12 5-fold disclinations, as in soccer balls and fullerenes -- what happens for R/a >> 1 ?
Dislocations (5-7 defect pairs) embedded in spherical ground states
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‘Hard Matter’ and the Quantum World of Electrons
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RNG, Field Theory Paradigm• Powerful ideas and tools
- quantum criticality- stability analysis of fixed points- recognize danger of ‘fine tuning’- direction of flow hints at strong coupling f.p.- broken symmetry - ‘emergence’; new degrees of freedom- fractionalization of particles - non-Fermi liquids
Band Insulator
Fermi Liquid
Superconductor
Al, Cu, Si
20 eV
2 eV
10-4 eV
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Emergence from the muck(thank goodness for stable fixed points!)
Fractional charge and statistics (electrons are gone)
2
xyp eq h
σ =Chiral relativistic bosons
Chern-Simons angle is adjustable
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Fractional Quantum Hall State
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QHE Bilayer Tunneling
Γ~ 2 µeV0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
dI/d
V(1
0-6Ω
-1)
420-2-4Interlayer Voltage (mV)
‘Which Layer?’ Broken Symmetry
Counter-flow superfluidity rapidly relaxes charge defects created by
tunneling.
J. Eisenstein
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I
VD
h/e2
±1%
Exact Quantization of “Hall” drag: Hall voltage without current
2DhV Ie
=
Rxy,Drag
Chern-Simons (Giaver) Flux Transformer
J. Eisenstein
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Electronic Liquid Crystals
Vdc
(mV
)ƒ
(kH
z)
0
00 21 3 4
0.3
20
10
30
Idc (µA)
Narrow band noise
Nematic to Isotropic Transition
Fradkin and Kivelson
Wexler and Dorsey
Radzihovsky and Dorsey
‘Quantum Soft Matter’
Higher Landau Levels
Koulakov, Fogler, and Shklovskii;
Moessner and Chalker 1996
J. Eisenstein
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Struggling with other Strongly Correlated Systems
isDifficult
• high Tc• heavy fermions• oxide magnets, CMR, magnetic SC• ladders, chains• organics• ……
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Copper Copper
The Nano World
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Kondo Miragein a
Quantum CorralK 56KT =
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100Å
b7 pA
0 pA
Vortex-induced LDOS of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ integrated from 1meV to 12meV
J. Hoffman E. W. Hudson, K. M. Lang, V. Madhavan, S. H. Pan, H. Eisaki, S. Uchida, and J. C. Davis, Science 295, 466 (2002).
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STM image of LDOS modulations in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δin zero magnetic field
Period = 4 lattice spacings
Period = 4 lattice spacings
Energy spectroscopy can be done on the spatialFourier transform signal
C. Howald, H. Eisaki, N. Kaneko, and A. Kapitulnik, cond-mat/0201546
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STM Electron Spin Resonance
H. Manoharan
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Scanning SQUID
Hans Hilgenkamp, Ariando, Henk-Jan H. Smilde, Dave H.A. Blank, Guus Rijnders, Horst Rogalla, John R. Kirtley, and Chang C. Tsuei, Nature, March 6, 2002
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Nano-Mechanics
H. Ohnishi et al. Nature 395, 780 (1998)
Au bridges
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F F/ 1.7nN in goldε λ =
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Nano-mechanical "AND" GateCurvature Plots
After (A then B)Ready After A
Ready After B After (B then A)
D. Eigler
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3-Input Sorter Molecule Cascade Logic Circuit
Outputs Inputs
O3 = A + B + CC
O2 = (A * B) + (B * C) + (C * A)B
O1 = A * B * CA
Circuit Components: 3 "And" gates3 "Or" gates6 "Fan-Outs"3 "Cross-Overs"+ Wiring
Circuit Dimensions: 12 nm x 17 nm541 molecules
D. Eigler
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Quantum Dots and Interferometers
four terminal
R. Schuster et. al., Nature 385, 417 (‘97)
QD plunger gate
reflector gate
drain
source
bridge
2DEG
gate
QD
two terminal
A. Yacoby et. al., PRL 74, 4047 (‘95)
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Mach-Zehnder interferometer
D1
S
BS1 M1
M2 BS2
D2
0 50 100 150 2000
5
10
15
-9.0 -7.5 -6.0 -4.5 -3.0
Time (minute) = Magnetic Field
Modualtion Gate Voltage, VMG (mV)
VMG∝ ∆A Time ∝ ∆B
Curr
ent
(a.u
.)
Gat
e Vo
ltage
, VM
G
(mV)
Time = Magnetic Field
Visibility = 60%Weizmann group
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Tools
• Photons• Neutrons• Numerics
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ARPESpseudogap
Adapted by Millis and Orenstein from:Loeser et al., Phys. Rev. B 56, 14185 (1997)Federov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 217 (1999)
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31Dynamics: liquids, polymers, bio-molecules, CDWs, glasses, critical phenomena
Coherent Synchrotron Radiation
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Spallation Neutron Source• high intensity• broad energy range• pulsed/t-o-f/timing
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Numerical ToolsBrute force is not enough…
•QMC-cluster/loop/worm -fermions
•DMRG-higher dimensions
•CORE•LDA (+U)
-Order N•DMFT
-clusterd = ∞
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Choi, Roundy, Sun, Cohen & Louie, Nature (2002)
Multigap Superconductivity in MgB2
•∆(k) on Fermi surface at T=4 K in color scale
• Gap distribution as a functionof temperature.
• Expt: ∆1 ~ 2 meV; ∆2 ~ 7 meV
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Dynamical Mean Field Theory-Plutoniumδ
Realistic band structure +
local correlations
Volume change 35%
Savrosov, Kotliar and AbrahamsNature (2001)
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Electronic Structure Challenges
• Spectroscopy of real materials• Many body theory for real materials• QMC: fermions; real-time vs. Euclidean time• Prediction, rational materials design• Multi-scale modeling spanning many decades in length and time
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New NMR Tools
Note scale!
McDermott et al.Science 295, 2247 (2002)1Hz
SQUID detects not ddtΦ
Φ
‘iron law’ of NMR: signal 4B∝
microTesla Fields
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Quantum Computation and NMR of a Single ‘Spin’
Quantum MeasurementSingle Spin ½
Box
SET Vgb Vge
Cgb Cc Cge
Vds
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Radio-Frequency Single Electron Transistor (RF-SET)
10-5 e/Hz1/2 charge noise
-10 0 10Time ( µs )
0.2 electrons
SET
RF
Ref
lect
ed p
ower
Measure RF power reflected from LC transformer
Response to step in Vge
single time trace
Transformer
Electrometer input gate
Sub-electron sensitivity for > 100 MHz bandwidth
Schoelkopf et al., (Science 1998)
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
30
35
40
45
sw
itchi
ng p
roba
bilit
y (%
)
time between pulses ∆t (µs)
νRF = 16409.50 MHz
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
30
35
40
45
sw
itchi
ng p
roba
bilit
y (%
)
time between pulses ∆t (µs)
Qϕ ~ 25000
∆t
Courtesy M. Devoret
First Observation of RAMSEY FRINGES in a quantum electrical circuit
Vion et al. Science 2002
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Future of Quantum ComputationSuperconducting Circuits
• Two qubit gates now being established (NEC group Nature 2003)• crude CNOT gate within 2 years?• Bell Inequality Test within 5 years?
• Quantum Dots• NMR• Ion Traps• Optical Lattices• Quantum Optics
-quantum encryption will become a practical technology
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Convergence of CM and AMO
• optical lattices• Mott-Hubbard Transition• Spinor Condensates• Rotating Condensates = QHE• Spin waves, vortices, Landau damping• quantum computation• many-body effects in condensate clocks• 1D Luttinger liquids • quantum chaos in optical ‘billiards’
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1 kHz10nK 200Hz (!)U :
:
Mott Insulator – Superfluid
Greiner et al.Nature 2002
/Tω scaling; quantumto classical cross over is in the audio!
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Thanks for slides to:
• S. Louie• A. Millis• M. Devoret• R. Schoelkopf• J. Kirtley• J. Eisenstein• M. Heiblum
• C. Kallin• C. Stafford• S. Sachdev• H. Manoharan• D. Eigler• S. Nagel• L. Radzihovsky
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The Future is Bright but will require some Heavy Lifting