Download - The Global Market for Graphene Table of contents...FUTURE MARKETS July 11 2019 TECHNOLOGY REPORT 4

FUTURE MARKETS July 11 2019

TECHNOLOGY REPORT www.futuremarketsinc.com/category/all-reports/

4 © Future Markets, Inc. 2019

The Global Market for Graphene

Table of contents

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................ 33

1.1 Market opportunity analysis ............................................................................................................................. 33

1.2 Market challenges rating system ..................................................................................................................... 35

1.3 Properties of nanomaterials ............................................................................................................................. 36

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................... 38

Two-dimensional (2D) materials ...................................................................................................................... 38

Graphene ......................................................................................................................................................... 39

2.2.1 The market in 2016 ................................................................................................................................ 39

2.2.2 The market in 2017 ................................................................................................................................ 39

2.2.3 The market in 2018 ................................................................................................................................ 40

2.2.4 The market in 2019 ................................................................................................................................ 40

2.2.5 The market by 2025 ............................................................................................................................... 41

2.2.6 Production .............................................................................................................................................. 41

2.2.7 Products ................................................................................................................................................. 43

2.2.8 Graphene investments 2017-2019 ........................................................................................................ 45

Market outlook for 2019 ................................................................................................................................... 47

2.3.1 Global funding and initiatives ................................................................................................................. 52

2.3.2 Products and applications ...................................................................................................................... 53

2.3.3 Production capacities in 2019 ................................................................................................................ 54

Market drivers and trends ................................................................................................................................ 56

Graphene industrial collaborations and licence agreements ........................................................................... 58

Market and technical challenges ..................................................................................................................... 62

Global demand for graphene by region to 2030 .............................................................................................. 64

2.7.1 Asia ........................................................................................................................................................ 64

2.7.2 Australia ................................................................................................................................................. 70

2.7.3 North America ........................................................................................................................................ 71

2.7.4 Europe ................................................................................................................................................... 73

3 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE ............................................................................................................................... 77

History .............................................................................................................................................................. 77

Types of graphene ........................................................................................................................................... 78

Properties ......................................................................................................................................................... 80

3D Graphene.................................................................................................................................................... 80

Graphene Quantum Dots ................................................................................................................................. 81

3.5.1 Synthesis ............................................................................................................................................... 82

3.5.2 Applications ............................................................................................................................................ 82

3.5.2.1 Optoelectronics, electronics and photonics ...................................................................................... 83

3.5.2.2 Energy ............................................................................................................................................... 83

3.5.2.3 Biomedicine and healthcare ............................................................................................................. 83

3.5.2.4 Other ................................................................................................................................................. 83

3.5.2.5 Pricing ............................................................................................................................................... 84




3.5.3 Producers ............................................................................................................................................... 84

4 CARBON NANOTUBES VERSUS GRAPHENE ................................................................................................. 86

Comparative properties .................................................................................................................................... 86

Cost and production ......................................................................................................................................... 87

Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids ................................................................................................................ 88

Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene ............................................................................... 88

5 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS ..................................................................................................................................... 90

Beyond moore’s law ......................................................................................................................................... 91

Batteries ........................................................................................................................................................... 92

BOROPHENE .................................................................................................................................................. 92

5.3.1 Properties ............................................................................................................................................... 92

5.3.2 Applications ............................................................................................................................................ 93

PHOSPHORENE ............................................................................................................................................. 94

5.4.1 Properties ............................................................................................................................................... 94

5.4.1.1 Fabrication methods ......................................................................................................................... 95

5.4.1.2 Challenges for the use of phosphorene in devices .......................................................................... 96

5.4.2 Applications ............................................................................................................................................ 96

5.4.2.1 Electronics ........................................................................................................................................ 96

5.4.2.2 Batteries ............................................................................................................................................ 97

5.4.2.3 Photodetectors .................................................................................................................................. 98

5.4.2.4 Sensors ............................................................................................................................................. 98

5.4.3 Market opportunity assessment ............................................................................................................. 98

GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE (g-C3N4) ...................................................................................................... 99

5.5.1 Properties ............................................................................................................................................... 99

5.5.2 Synthesis ............................................................................................................................................... 99

5.5.3 C2N ......................................................................................................................................................... 99

5.5.4 Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 100

5.5.4.1 Electronics ...................................................................................................................................... 100

5.5.4.2 Filtration membranes ...................................................................................................................... 100

5.5.4.3 Photocatalysts ................................................................................................................................ 100

5.5.4.4 Batteries (LIBs) ............................................................................................................................... 100

5.5.4.5 Sensors ........................................................................................................................................... 100

5.5.5 Market opportunity assessment ........................................................................................................... 101

GERMANENE ................................................................................................................................................ 101

5.6.1 Properties ............................................................................................................................................. 101

5.6.2 Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 102

5.6.2.1 Electronics ...................................................................................................................................... 102

5.6.2.2 Batteries .......................................................................................................................................... 102


GRAPHDIYNE ............................................................................................................................................... 103

5.7.1 Properties ............................................................................................................................................. 103

5.7.2 Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 103

5.7.2.1 Electronics ...................................................................................................................................... 103

5.7.2.2 Batteries .......................................................................................................................................... 104

5.7.2.3 Separation membranes .................................................................................................................. 104

5.7.2.4 Water filtration ................................................................................................................................. 104

5.7.2.5 Photocatalysts ................................................................................................................................ 104

5.7.2.6 Photovoltaics .................................................................................................................................. 104





GRAPHANE ................................................................................................................................................... 105

5.8.1 Properties ............................................................................................................................................. 106

5.8.2 Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 106

5.8.2.1 Electronics ...................................................................................................................................... 106

5.8.2.2 Hydrogen storage ........................................................................................................................... 106


HEXAGONAL BORON-NITRIDE ................................................................................................................... 107

5.9.1 Properties ............................................................................................................................................. 107

5.9.2 Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 108

5.9.2.1 Electronics ...................................................................................................................................... 108

5.9.2.2 Fuel cells ......................................................................................................................................... 108

5.9.2.3 Adsorbents ...................................................................................................................................... 108

5.9.2.4 Photodetectors ................................................................................................................................ 108

5.9.2.5 Textiles ............................................................................................................................................ 108

5.9.2.6 Biomedical ...................................................................................................................................... 109


MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2) ........................................................................................................ 109

5.10.1 Properties ............................................................................................................................................. 110

5.10.2 Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 111

5.10.2.1 Electronics ................................................................................................................................. 111

5.10.2.2 Photovoltaics ............................................................................................................................. 112

5.10.2.3 Piezoelectrics ............................................................................................................................. 112

5.10.2.4 Sensors ...................................................................................................................................... 112

5.10.2.5 Filtration ..................................................................................................................................... 113

5.10.2.6 Batteries ..................................................................................................................................... 113

5.10.2.7 Fiber lasers ................................................................................................................................ 113


RHENIUM DISULFIDE (ReS2) AND DISELENIDE (ReSe2) ................................................................... 113

5.11.1 Properties ............................................................................................................................................. 114

5.11.2 Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 114

5.11.2.1 Electronics ................................................................................................................................. 114


SILICENE .................................................................................................................................................. 115

5.12.1 Properties ............................................................................................................................................. 115

5.12.2 Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 116

5.12.2.1 Electronics ................................................................................................................................. 116

5.12.2.2 Photovoltaics ............................................................................................................................. 116

5.12.2.3 Thermoelectrics ......................................................................................................................... 116

5.12.2.4 Batteries ..................................................................................................................................... 116

5.12.2.5 Sensors ...................................................................................................................................... 117


STANENE/TINENE ................................................................................................................................... 118

5.13.1 Properties ............................................................................................................................................. 118

5.13.2 Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 119

5.13.2.1 Electronics ................................................................................................................................. 119


TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE ........................................................................................................................ 120




5.14.1 Properties ............................................................................................................................................. 120

5.14.2 Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 120

5.14.2.1 Electronics ................................................................................................................................. 120


ANTIMONENE .......................................................................................................................................... 121

5.15.1 Properties ............................................................................................................................................. 121

5.15.2 Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 121

DIAMENE .................................................................................................................................................. 121

5.16.1 Properties ............................................................................................................................................. 121

5.16.2 Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 122

INDIUM SELENIDE .................................................................................................................................. 122

5.17.1 Properties ............................................................................................................................................. 122

5.17.2 Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 122

5.17.2.1 Electronics ................................................................................................................................. 122

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAPHENE AND OTHER 2D MATERIALS ........................................ 123

6 GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS .................................................................................................................................. 124

Large area graphene films ............................................................................................................................. 124

Graphene oxide flakes and graphene nanoplatelets ..................................................................................... 124

Production methods ....................................................................................................................................... 125

6.3.1 Production directly from natural graphite ore ....................................................................................... 127

6.3.2 Alternative starting materials ............................................................................................................... 127

6.3.3 Quality .................................................................................................................................................. 128

Synthesis and production by types of graphene ............................................................................................ 128

6.4.1 Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) ......................................................................................................... 129

6.4.2 Graphene nanoribbons ........................................................................................................................ 129

6.4.3 Large-area graphene films ................................................................................................................... 130

6.4.4 Graphene oxide (GO) .......................................................................................................................... 131

Pros and cons of graphene production methods ........................................................................................... 131

6.5.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) ...................................................................................................... 132

6.5.2 Exfoliation method ............................................................................................................................... 134

6.5.3 Epitaxial growth method ...................................................................................................................... 135

6.5.4 Wet chemistry method (liquid phase exfoliation) ................................................................................. 135

6.5.5 Micromechanical cleavage method ..................................................................................................... 136

6.5.6 Green reduction of graphene oxide ..................................................................................................... 137

6.5.7 Plasma ................................................................................................................................................. 137

Other synthesis methods ............................................................................................................................... 138

7 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE AND ROUTES TO COMMERCIALIZATION ........................................ 142

Commercialization route ................................................................................................................................ 142

Market structure ............................................................................................................................................. 142

7.2.1 Graphite Ore Producers ....................................................................................................................... 142

7.2.2 Tools and CVD equipment providers ................................................................................................... 143

7.2.3 Research Labs ..................................................................................................................................... 143

7.2.4 Graphene Manufacturers ..................................................................................................................... 143

7.2.4.1 Large Area Graphene Film Producers ............................................................................................ 143

7.2.4.2 Graphene Materials Producers ....................................................................................................... 143

7.2.5 Intermediate component developers ................................................................................................... 143

7.2.6 Product developers/OEMs ................................................................................................................... 144




8 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS ................................................................................................................. 146

Standards ....................................................................................................................................................... 146

Environmental, health and safety regulation .................................................................................................. 146

8.2.1 Europe ................................................................................................................................................. 146

8.2.2 United States ....................................................................................................................................... 147

8.2.3 Asia ...................................................................................................................................................... 147

Workplace exposure ...................................................................................................................................... 147

9 PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 149

Fabrication processes .................................................................................................................................... 149

Academia ....................................................................................................................................................... 149

Regional leaders ............................................................................................................................................ 149

Patent publications 2004-2018 ...................................................................................................................... 149

Leading graphene patentees ......................................................................................................................... 150

10 GRAPHENE COMMERCIAL ROADMAP .......................................................................................................... 152

11 END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 154

Graphene production volumes 2010-2030 ............................................................................................... 154

Commercial production capacities ............................................................................................................ 155

11.2.1 Graphene oxide production capacities ................................................................................................ 156

11.2.1.1 By producer ............................................................................................................................... 156

11.2.1.2 By region .................................................................................................................................... 156

11.2.2 Graphene nanoplatelets production capacities ................................................................................... 157

11.2.2.1 By producer ............................................................................................................................... 157

11.2.2.2 Production capacity by region ................................................................................................... 158

11.2.3 CVD graphene film............................................................................................................................... 159

11.2.3.1 By producer ............................................................................................................................... 160

11.2.4 Planned graphene capacities 2018 onwards ....................................................................................... 160

Graphene pricing ...................................................................................................................................... 161

11.3.1 Pristine Graphene Flakes pricing ......................................................................................................... 162

11.3.2 Few-Layer Graphene pricing ............................................................................................................... 163

11.3.3 Graphene Nanoplatelets pricing .......................................................................................................... 163

11.3.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide pricing ....................................................................................................... 164

11.3.5 Graphene Quantum Dots pricing ......................................................................................................... 164

11.3.6 Graphene Oxide Nanosheets pricing................................................................................................... 165

11.3.7 Multilayer Graphene (MLG) pricing...................................................................................................... 165

Mass production challenges ..................................................................................................................... 166

11.4.1 Mass production of lower grade graphene materials ........................................................................... 166

11.4.2 High grade graphene difficult to mass produce ................................................................................... 166

11.4.3 Bulk supply ........................................................................................................................................... 166

11.4.4 Commoditisation .................................................................................................................................. 167

12 GRAPHENE IN 3D PRINTING ........................................................................................................................... 168

MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS ......................................................................................................... 168

PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS ....................................................................................................... 168

GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY ....................................................................................... 169

MARKET CHALLENGES .......................................................................................................................... 171

PRODUCT DEVELOPERS ....................................................................................................................... 172

13 GRAPHENE IN ADHESIVES ............................................................................................................................. 172









14 GRAPHENE IN AVIATION AND AEROSPACE ................................................................................................ 178



14.2.1 Composites .......................................................................................................................................... 180

14.2.2 Coatings ............................................................................................................................................... 181




15 GRAPHENE IN AUTOMOTIVE .......................................................................................................................... 189

MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS ............................................................................................................ 189


15.2.1 Composites .......................................................................................................................................... 191

15.2.2 Thermally conductive additives ............................................................................................................ 191

15.2.3 Tires ..................................................................................................................................................... 191




16 GRAPHENE IN COATINGS ............................................................................................................................... 198



16.2.1 Anti-corrosion coatings ........................................................................................................................ 204

16.2.1.1 Marine ........................................................................................................................................ 205

16.2.2 Anti-microbial ....................................................................................................................................... 205

16.2.3 Anti-icing .............................................................................................................................................. 206

16.2.4 Barrier coatings .................................................................................................................................... 206

16.2.5 Heat protection ..................................................................................................................................... 207

16.2.6 Anti-fouling ........................................................................................................................................... 208

16.2.7 Wear and abrasion resistance ............................................................................................................. 209

16.2.8 Smart windows ..................................................................................................................................... 209


16.3.1 Thermal barrier coatings ...................................................................................................................... 213

16.3.2 Barrier coatings .................................................................................................................................... 213

16.3.3 Anti-microbial coatings ......................................................................................................................... 213

16.3.4 De-icing or anti-icing coatings .............................................................................................................. 213

16.3.5 Abrasion and wear resistant coatings .................................................................................................. 213

16.3.6 Anti-corrosion coatings ........................................................................................................................ 213



17 GRAPHENE IN COMPOSITES .......................................................................................................................... 220



17.2.1 Polymer composites............................................................................................................................. 223




17.2.2 Barrier packaging ................................................................................................................................. 224

17.2.3 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding ............................... 225

17.2.4 Wind turbines ....................................................................................................................................... 225

17.2.5 Ballistic protection ................................................................................................................................ 225

17.2.6 Sporting and leisure composites .......................................................................................................... 225




18 GRAPHENE IN FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS, WEARABLES, CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS .......... 232


APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 234

18.2.1 Transparent electrodes in flexible electronics ..................................................................................... 237

18.2.2 Electronic paper ................................................................................................................................... 239

18.2.3 Wearable electronics ........................................................................................................................... 239

18.2.3.1 Wearable sensors ...................................................................................................................... 242

18.2.4 Industrial monitoring............................................................................................................................. 247

18.2.5 Military .................................................................................................................................................. 247


18.3.1.1 Transparent conductive electrodes ........................................................................................... 252



19 GRAPHENE IN CONDUCTIVE INKS................................................................................................................. 257


APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 258

19.2.1 RFID ..................................................................................................................................................... 261

19.2.2 Smart labels ......................................................................................................................................... 262

19.2.3 Smart clothing ...................................................................................................................................... 263

19.2.4 Printable sensors ................................................................................................................................. 263

1.3.1.1 Printed batteries .............................................................................................................................. 263

19.2.5 Printable antennas ............................................................................................................................... 265




20 GRAPHENE TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS ......................................................................... 272


APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 274

20.2.1 Integrated circuits................................................................................................................................. 274

20.2.2 Flexible integrated circuits ................................................................................................................... 275

20.2.3 Transistors ........................................................................................................................................... 275

20.2.4 Graphene Radio Frequency (RF) circuits ............................................................................................ 275

20.2.5 Other 2D transistors ............................................................................................................................. 276

20.2.6 Graphene spintronics ........................................................................................................................... 276




21 GRAPHENE MEMORY DEVICES ...................................................................................................................... 284





APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 284




22 GRAPHENE IN PHOTONICS ............................................................................................................................. 290



22.2.1 Si photonics versus graphene ............................................................................................................. 291

22.2.2 Optical modulators ............................................................................................................................... 292

22.2.3 Photodetectors ..................................................................................................................................... 292

22.2.4 Saturable absorbers ............................................................................................................................ 294

22.2.5 Plasmonics ........................................................................................................................................... 294

22.2.6 Fiber lasers .......................................................................................................................................... 294




23 GRAPHENE IN BATTERIES .............................................................................................................................. 299


APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 302

23.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) .................................................................................................................... 302

23.2.2 Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries ...................................................................................................... 303

23.2.3 Lithium-air batteries ............................................................................................................................. 303

23.2.4 Lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S) ............................................................................................................. 303

23.2.5 Sodium-ion batteries ............................................................................................................................ 304

23.2.6 Flexible and stretchable batteries ........................................................................................................ 304




24 GRAPHENE IN SUPERCAPACITORS .............................................................................................................. 315


APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 316

24.2.1 Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors ............................................................................................ 318




25 GRAPHENE IN SOLAR ..................................................................................................................................... 324


APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 325

25.2.1 ITO replacement .................................................................................................................................. 326

25.2.2 Graphene–silicon (Gr–Si) Schottky junction solar cells ....................................................................... 326

25.2.3 Halide perovskites/graphene hybrids................................................................................................... 327

25.2.4 Solar energy harvesting textiles ........................................................................................................... 327




26 GRAPHENE IN FUEL CELLS ............................................................................................................................ 333





APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 334

26.2.1 Electrocatalyst supports ....................................................................................................................... 334




27 GRAPHENE IN LED LIGHTING AND UVC ....................................................................................................... 339


APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 339

27.2.1 Flexible OLED lighting ......................................................................................................................... 340




28 GRAPHENE IN OIL AND GAS .......................................................................................................................... 344


APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 346

28.2.1 Sensing and reservoir management .................................................................................................... 346

28.2.2 Coatings ............................................................................................................................................... 347

28.2.3 Drilling fluids ......................................................................................................................................... 348

28.2.4 Sorbent materials ................................................................................................................................. 349

28.2.5 Catalysts .............................................................................................................................................. 349

28.2.6 Separation ............................................................................................................................................ 349




29 GRAPHENE IN FILTRATION ............................................................................................................................. 355


APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 356

29.2.1 Graphene membranes ......................................................................................................................... 356

29.2.2 Water filtration ...................................................................................................................................... 357

29.2.3 Gas separation ..................................................................................................................................... 358

29.2.4 Photocatalytic absorbents .................................................................................................................... 358

29.2.5 Air filtration ........................................................................................................................................... 358




30 GRAPHENE IN LIFE SCIENCES AND BIOMEDICINE ..................................................................................... 366


APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 368

30.2.1 Cancer therapy .................................................................................................................................... 371

30.2.1.1 Graphene oxide for therapy and drug delivery .......................................................................... 371

30.2.1.2 Graphene nanosheets ............................................................................................................... 371

30.2.2 Gene delivery ....................................................................................................................................... 371

30.2.2.1 Photodynamic Therapy .............................................................................................................. 371

30.2.3 Medical implants and devices .............................................................................................................. 371

30.2.4 Wound dressings ................................................................................................................................. 372

30.2.5 Biosensors ........................................................................................................................................... 372




30.2.5.1 FRET biosensors for DNA detection ......................................................................................... 373

30.2.6 Medical imaging ................................................................................................................................... 373

30.2.7 Tissue engineering............................................................................................................................... 374

30.2.8 Dental ................................................................................................................................................... 374

30.2.9 Electrophysiology ................................................................................................................................. 374

30.2.10 Wearable and mobile health monitoring ......................................................................................... 374

30.2.11 Graphene devices ........................................................................................................................... 376

30.2.12 Patch-type skin sensors .................................................................................................................. 377

30.2.13 Skin temperature monitoring........................................................................................................... 379

30.2.14 Hydration sensors ........................................................................................................................... 380

30.2.15 Wearable sweat sensors ................................................................................................................ 381

30.2.16 Smart footwear ............................................................................................................................... 382


30.3.1 Wearable healthcare ............................................................................................................................ 384



31 GRAPHENE IN LUBRICANTS ........................................................................................................................... 391


APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 392




32 GRAPHENE IN RUBBER AND TIRES .............................................................................................................. 396

APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 397




33 GRAPHENE IN SENSORS ................................................................................................................................ 401


APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 402

33.2.1 Infrared (IR) sensors ............................................................................................................................ 405

33.2.2 Electrochemical and gas sensors ........................................................................................................ 405

33.2.3 Graphene foam .................................................................................................................................... 406

33.2.4 Pressure sensors ................................................................................................................................. 406

33.2.5 Biosensors ........................................................................................................................................... 406

33.2.6 Optical sensors .................................................................................................................................... 408

33.2.7 Humidity sensors ................................................................................................................................. 408

33.2.8 Strain sensors ...................................................................................................................................... 409

33.2.9 Acoustic sensors .................................................................................................................................. 409

33.2.10 Wireless sensors ............................................................................................................................ 409

33.2.11 Surface enhanced Raman scattering ............................................................................................. 409




34 GRAPHENE IN SMART TEXTILES AND APPAREL ........................................................................................ 415


APPLICATONS ......................................................................................................................................... 418




34.2.1 Conductive coatings ............................................................................................................................ 422

34.2.2 Conductive yarns ................................................................................................................................. 423




35 GRAPHENE IN CONSTRUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 433



36 COMPANY PROFILES ....................................................................................................................................... 438

TYPES OF GRAPHENE PRODUCED, BY PRODUCER ......................................................................... 438

Industrial collaborations and licence agreements ..................................................................................... 444

Markets targeted, by product developers and end users ......................................................................... 448

2D Carbon Graphene Material Co., Ltd. ................................................................................................... 451

2-DTech Limited ........................................................................................................................................ 451

3D Graphtech Industries ........................................................................................................................... 452

Abalonyx AS ............................................................................................................................................. 453

AdvEn Solutions, Inc ................................................................................................................................. 454

Adeka Corporation .................................................................................................................................... 454

Advanced Graphene Products z o.o. ....................................................................................................... 454

Advanced Material Development (AMD) .................................................................................................. 455

Agar Scientific ........................................................................................................................................... 456

Air Membrane Co., Ltd. ............................................................................................................................. 456

Applied Graphene Materials plc. ............................................................................................................... 457

Applied Nanolayers BV ............................................................................................................................. 458

Applied Nano Surfaces Sweden AB ......................................................................................................... 458

Apply Nanosolutions S.L. .......................................................................................................................... 459

AR Brown Co. Ltd ..................................................................................................................................... 459

Arvia Technology ...................................................................................................................................... 460

Asbury Carbons ........................................................................................................................................ 460

Atomic Mechanics Ltd ............................................................................................................................... 461

Avanzare Innovacion Tecnologica S.L. .................................................................................................... 461

AVIC BIAM New Materials Technology Engineering Co., Ltd. ................................................................. 462

Aztrong, Inc. .............................................................................................................................................. 462

Baotailong New Materials Co., Ltd. .......................................................................................................... 463

BASF AG .................................................................................................................................................. 463

Beijing Carbon Century Technology Co., Ltd. .......................................................................................... 464

BGT Materials Ltd. .................................................................................................................................... 464

Biolin Scientific AB .................................................................................................................................... 465

BioMed X GmbH ....................................................................................................................................... 465

Bonbouton ................................................................................................................................................. 466

BTR New Energy Materials, Inc. ............................................................................................................... 466

Cabot Corporation ..................................................................................................................................... 467

Calevia, Inc. .............................................................................................................................................. 467

California Lithium Battery .......................................................................................................................... 468

Cambridge Graphene Ltd. ........................................................................................................................ 468

FGV Cambridge Nanosystems ................................................................................................................. 469

Carbon Nano-Material Technology Co., Ltd. ............................................................................................ 469

Carbon Research and Development Company (CRDC) .......................................................................... 470




Carbon Upcycling Technologies ............................................................................................................... 470

Carbon Waters .......................................................................................................................................... 470

Cealtech AS .............................................................................................................................................. 471

Celtig LLC ................................................................................................................................................. 471

Ceylon Graphene Technologies (Pvt) Ltd................................................................................................. 472

China Carbon Graphite Group, Inc. .......................................................................................................... 472

China Telecommunications Corporation................................................................................................... 473

Chongqing Moxi Science and Technology Co., Ltd. ................................................................................. 473

CVD Equipment Corporation .................................................................................................................... 474

CrayoNano AS .......................................................................................................................................... 474

CRRC Corporation .................................................................................................................................... 475

Danubia NanoTech s.r.o. .......................................................................................................................... 475

Das-Nano .................................................................................................................................................. 476

Deyang Carbonene Technology ............................................................................................................... 476

Directa Plus SPA ...................................................................................................................................... 476

Dongxu Optoelectronic Technology 000Co., Ltd ..................................................................................... 477

Dotz Nano Ltd. .......................................................................................................................................... 478

Dycotec Materials Ltd. .............................................................................................................................. 478

Elcora Advanced Materials Corp. ............................................................................................................. 479

Emberion Oy ............................................................................................................................................. 479

ENano Tec Co., Ltd. ................................................................................................................................. 480

Evercloak, Inc. .......................................................................................................................................... 480

Fangda Carbon New Material Co., Ltd. .................................................................................................... 481

First Graphene Ltd .................................................................................................................................... 481

Flex-G Pty Ltd ........................................................................................................................................... 482

Fujitsu Laboratories .................................................................................................................................. 482

Garmor, Inc. .............................................................................................................................................. 483

Global Graphene Group ........................................................................................................................... 484

Gratomic, Inc. ............................................................................................................................................ 484

Gnanomat S.L. .......................................................................................................................................... 485

Graphene-XT S.r.l. .................................................................................................................................... 485

Goodheat .................................................................................................................................................. 486

Grafentek .................................................................................................................................................. 486

GrafTech International .............................................................................................................................. 486

Grafine Ltd. ............................................................................................................................................... 487

Grafoid, Inc. .............................................................................................................................................. 487

Grahope New Materials Technologies Inc. ............................................................................................... 488

Graphenano s.l. ........................................................................................................................................ 488

Graphenhex .............................................................................................................................................. 489

Graphendo ................................................................................................................................................ 489

Graphenall Co., Ltd. .................................................................................................................................. 490

Graphene-RGY ......................................................................................................................................... 490

Graphene 3D Lab, Inc............................................................................................................................... 491

Graphene ESD Corporation ...................................................................................................................... 491

Graphene Frontiers, LLC .......................................................................................................................... 492

Graphene Industries Ltd. .......................................................................................................................... 493

Graphene Leaders Canada (GLC) Inc...................................................................................................... 493

Graphene Lighting PLC ............................................................................................................................ 494




Graphene NanoChem Plc ......................................................................................................................... 494

Graphene One, LLC.................................................................................................................................. 495

Graphene Platform Corp ........................................................................................................................... 495

Graphene Square ..................................................................................................................................... 496

GrapheneUP ............................................................................................................................................. 496

Graphenetech S.L. .................................................................................................................................... 497

Graphenea Nanomaterials ........................................................................................................................ 497

Graphensic AB .......................................................................................................................................... 498

GraphWear Technologies ......................................................................................................................... 498

Graphite Innovation and Technologies Inc. .............................................................................................. 499

Graphmatech AB ...................................................................................................................................... 499

Gratomic, Inc. ............................................................................................................................................ 499

Grox Industries, LLC ................................................................................................................................. 500

Grupo Antolin Ingenieria S.A. ................................................................................................................... 500

Haydale Limited ........................................................................................................................................ 501

Hefeikaier Nanometer Energy & Technology Co., Ltd. ............................................................................. 501

HQ Graphene ............................................................................................................................................ 502

Heraeus .................................................................................................................................................... 502

Hexalayer LLC .......................................................................................................................................... 502

HexagonFab ............................................................................................................................................. 503

Highbery New Nano Materials Technology .............................................................................................. 503

HRL Laboratories, LLC ............................................................................................................................. 504

Imagine Intelligent Materials Pty Ltd ......................................................................................................... 504

Incubation Alliance, Inc. ............................................................................................................................ 505

Ionic Industries Ltd. ................................................................................................................................... 505

JCNANo Tech Co., Ltd. ............................................................................................................................ 506

Jiangsu Yueda New Material Technology Co., Ltd. .................................................................................. 506

Jinan Moxi New Material Technology Co., Ltd. ........................................................................................ 506

Jikantechno, Inc. ....................................................................................................................................... 507

JMC ........................................................................................................................................................... 507

LeaderNano Tech LLC.............................................................................................................................. 508

Leading Edge Materials Corp. .................................................................................................................. 508

Log 9 Materials ......................................................................................................................................... 509

Metalysis Limited ...................................................................................................................................... 509

MExplorer Co., Ltd .................................................................................................................................... 509

MICC TEC Co., Ltd. .................................................................................................................................. 510

Micro-Composite, Inc. ............................................................................................................................... 510

Mingshuo (Beijing) Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. ................................................................................. 511

Nanjing JCNano Co., Ltd. ......................................................................................................................... 511

Nanjing SCF Nanotech, Ltd. ..................................................................................................................... 511

Nanesa S.r.l. ............................................................................................................................................. 512

Nanocarbon Sp. z o.o. .............................................................................................................................. 512

NanoGraf Corporation............................................................................................................................... 513

Nanografi Nanotechnology ....................................................................................................................... 513

Nano Graphene, Inc.................................................................................................................................. 514

Nanoinnova Technologies SL ................................................................................................................... 514

Nanomedical Diagnostics Inc. .................................................................................................................. 515

Nanoquimia S.L. ....................................................................................................................................... 515




NanoIntegris .............................................................................................................................................. 515

Nanotech Engineering, Inc. ...................................................................................................................... 516

NanoXplore Inc. ........................................................................................................................................ 516

Newtec Engineering A/S ........................................................................................................................... 517

Ningbo Morsh Technology Co., Ltd. ......................................................................................................... 517

Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. ........................................................................................................................ 518

NORgraphene Technologies Ltd. ............................................................................................................. 518

Ntherma Corporation ................................................................................................................................ 519

Oros Apparel ............................................................................................................................................. 519

Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd. ............................................................................................................... 520

Ossila Limited ........................................................................................................................................... 520

Ovation Polymers ...................................................................................................................................... 520

Paragraf .................................................................................................................................................... 521

Pen, Inc. .................................................................................................................................................... 521

Perpetuus Advanced Materials Plc ........................................................................................................... 522

Planartech LLC ......................................................................................................................................... 523

Promethient, Inc ........................................................................................................................................ 523

RD Graphene Ltd. ..................................................................................................................................... 523

Ressinea ................................................................................................................................................... 524

Ritedia Corp. ............................................................................................................................................. 524

Shenzhen Danbond Technology Co Ltd ................................................................................................... 525

SHT Smart High Tech AB ......................................................................................................................... 525

Sigma-Aldrich Corporation ........................................................................................................................ 526

Signet Graphene Technologies, Inc. ........................................................................................................ 526

Sixonia Tech GmbH .................................................................................................................................. 527

The Sixth Element (Changzhou) Materials Technology Co., Ltd. ............................................................ 527

Skeleton Technologies OÜ ....................................................................................................................... 528

Standard Graphene .................................................................................................................................. 528

SuperC Technology Limited ..................................................................................................................... 529

Surwon Technology .................................................................................................................................. 529

Strem Chemicals, Inc. ............................................................................................................................... 530

Suzhou Graphene Nanotechnology Co., Ltd. ........................................................................................... 530

Taiwan Carbon Nanotube Technology ..................................................................................................... 531

Talga Resources ....................................................................................................................................... 531

Team Group, Inc. ...................................................................................................................................... 532

Tetrels Technology Corporation ............................................................................................................... 532

Theragnostic Technologies, Inc. ............................................................................................................... 533

Thomas Swan & Co. Ltd. .......................................................................................................................... 534

Topsen Technology .................................................................................................................................. 534

Triton Mineral Limited ............................................................................................................................... 535

True 2 Materials Pte, Ltd. ......................................................................................................................... 535

UC Bacon Company Limited .................................................................................................................... 536

Ugent Tech Sdn Bhd................................................................................................................................. 536

Urbix Resources ....................................................................................................................................... 537

Versarien plc ............................................................................................................................................. 537

Vorbeck ..................................................................................................................................................... 538

Tianjin PuLan Nano Technologies Ltd. ..................................................................................................... 538

Vortex Fluidic Technologies ...................................................................................................................... 539




Water Front Co., Ltd. ................................................................................................................................ 539

William Blythe Limited ............................................................................................................................... 540

XFNANO Materials Tech Co., Ltd. ............................................................................................................ 540

XG Sciences ............................................................................................................................................. 541

Xiamen G-CVD Material Technology Co., Ltd. ......................................................................................... 541

Xiamen Knano Graphene Technology Co., Ltd. ....................................................................................... 541

Xolve, Inc. ................................................................................................................................................. 542

ZapGo Ltd. ................................................................................................................................................ 542

ZEN Graphene Solutions .......................................................................................................................... 543

Znshine Solar ............................................................................................................................................ 543

37 References ......................................................................................................................................................... 544

Tables Table 1: Categorization of nanomaterials. ...................................................................................................................... 37

Table 2: Demand for graphene (tons), 2010-2030.......................................................................................................... 41

Table 3: Consumer products incorporating graphene. ................................................................................................... 44

Table 4: Graphene investments and financial agreements 2017-2019. ......................................................................... 45

Table 5: Market opportunity assessment matrix for graphene applications. .................................................................. 49

Table 6: Graphene target markets-Applications and potential addressable market size. .............................................. 54

Table 7: Main graphene producers by country and annual production capacities 2019. ............................................... 55

Table 8: Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets. .................................................. 58

Table 9: Market and techical challenges in graphene. ................................................................................................... 62

Table 10: Demand for graphene by region, 2015-2030, tons. ........................................................................................ 68

Table 11: Graphene producers in China. ........................................................................................................................ 69

Table 12: Graphene producers in Asia. .......................................................................................................................... 70

Table 13: Graphene producers in Australia. ................................................................................................................... 70

Table 14: Graphene producers in North America. .......................................................................................................... 71

Table 15: Properties of graphene. .................................................................................................................................. 80

Table 16: Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. ............................................................................... 81

Table 17: Graphene quantum dot producers. ................................................................................................................. 84

Table 18: Comparative properties of carbon materials. .................................................................................................. 87

Table 19: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes. ............................................... 88

Table 20: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2030. ................................................................................................................................................................................. 89

Table 21: 2D materials types. ......................................................................................................................................... 90

Table 22: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. .............................. 95

Table 23: Market opportunity assessment for phosphorene applications. ..................................................................... 98




Table 24: Market opportunity assessment for graphitic carbon nitride applications. .................................................... 101

Table 25: Market opportunity assessment for germanene applications. ...................................................................... 102

Table 26: Market opportunity assessment for graphdiyne applications. ....................................................................... 105

Table 27: Market opportunity assessment for graphane applications. ......................................................................... 106

Table 28: Market opportunity assessment for hexagonal boron nitride applications. ................................................... 109

Table 29: Market opportunity assessment for molybdenum disulfide applications. ...................................................... 113

Table 30: Market opportunity assessment for Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) applications. ........ 114

Table 31: Market opportunity assessment for silicene applications. ............................................................................. 117

Table 32: Market opportunity assessment for stanine/tinene applications. .................................................................. 119

Table 33: Market opportunity assessment for tungsten diselenide applications. ......................................................... 121

Table 34: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials. ............................................................... 123

Table 35: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market. .............................................. 124

Table 36: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-Markets, applications and current global market. ............. 124

Table 37: Main production methods for graphene. ....................................................................................................... 125

Table 38: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market. .............................................. 131

Table 39: Graphene market structure. .......................................................................................................................... 142

Table 40: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2018. ............................................................................. 149

Table 41: Leading graphene patentees. ....................................................................................................................... 150

Table 42: Demand for graphene (tons), 2010-2030. .................................................................................................... 154

Table 43: Graphene oxide production capacity by producer, 2010-2018. .................................................................... 156

Table 44: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018. ............................................................ 156

Table 45: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by producer, 2010-2018. ............................................................. 157

Table 46: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018. ................................................................. 158

Table 47: CVD graphene film capacity in tons by producer, 2010-2018/ 000s m2. ...................................................... 160

Table 48: Planned graphene production capacities. ..................................................................................................... 160

Table 49: Types of graphene and prices. ..................................................................................................................... 161

Table 50: Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer. ............................................................................................... 162

Table 51: Few-layer graphene pricing by producer. ..................................................................................................... 163

Table 52: Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer. ............................................................................................... 163

Table 53: Reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer. ............................................................................................ 164

Table 54: Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer. .............................................................................................. 165

Table 55: Graphene oxide nanosheets pricing by producer. ........................................................................................ 165

Table 56: Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer...................................................................................................... 165




Table 57: Market drivers for use of graphene in 3D printing. ........................................................................................ 168

Table 58: Graphene properties relevant to application in 3D printing........................................................................... 169

Table 59: Market size for graphene in 3D printing. ....................................................................................................... 169

Table 60: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in 3D printing. ....................................................................... 170

Table 61: Demand for graphene in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2030. ............................................................................. 170

Table 62: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the 3D printing market. ....................... 171

Table 63: Market drivers for use of graphene in adhesives. ......................................................................................... 173

Table 64: Graphene properties relevant to application in adhesives. ........................................................................... 174

Table 65: Applications and benefits of graphene in adhesives. .................................................................................... 174

Table 66: Market size for graphene in adhesives. ........................................................................................................ 174

Table 67: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in adhesives. ........................................................................ 175

Table 68: Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2030. ............................................................................... 176

Table 69: Market challenges rating for graphene in the adhesives market. ................................................................. 177

Table 70: Market drivers for use of graphene in aviation and aerospace. .................................................................... 179

Table 71: Applications and benefits of graphene in aviation and aerospace. .............................................................. 181

Table 72: Market size for graphene in aviation and aerospace. ................................................................................... 182

Table 73: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in aviation and aerospace. ................................................... 183

Table 74: Demand for graphene in aviation and aerospace (tons), 2018-2030. .......................................................... 184

Table 75: Market challenges rating for graphene in the aerospace market. ................................................................ 185

Table 76: Market drivers for use of graphene in the automotive sector. ...................................................................... 189

Table 77: Applications and benefits of graphene in the automotive industry. .............................................................. 192

Table 78: Market size for graphene in the automotive industry. ................................................................................... 192

Table 79: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the automotive industry. ................................................... 193

Table 80: Demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2030. .............................................................................. 195

Table 81: Market challenges rating for graphene in the automotive sector. ................................................................. 196

Table 82: Properties of nanocoatings. .......................................................................................................................... 199

Table 83: Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings. .............................................................................. 203

Table 84: Markets for nanocoatings. ............................................................................................................................. 210

Table 85: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the coatings market. ......................................................... 215

Table 86: Demand for graphene in coatings (tons), 2018-2030. .................................................................................. 217

Table 87: Market challenges rating for graphene in the coatings market. .................................................................... 218

Table 88: Market drivers for use of graphene in composites. ....................................................................................... 221

Table 89: Graphene properties relevant to application in polymer composites. ........................................................... 223




Table 90: Applications and benefits of graphene in composites. .................................................................................. 223

Table 91: Market size for graphene in composites. ...................................................................................................... 226

Table 92: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the composites market. .................................................... 227

Table 93: Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2030. ............................................................................. 228

Table 94: Market challenges rating for graphene in the composites market. ............................................................... 230

Table 95: Market drivers for use of graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films. .......................................... 233

Table 96: Applications and benefits of graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films. .................................... 236

Table 97: Comparison of ITO replacements. ................................................................................................................ 237

Table 98: Wearable electronics devices and stage of development............................................................................. 240

Table 99: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors. .............................................................................. 245

Table 100: Market size for graphene in flexible electronics and conductive films. ....................................................... 248

Table 101: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays. ................................................................................................................................................................. 249

Table 102: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $. .......................................... 251

Table 103: Demand for graphene in flexible electronics (tons), 2018-2030. ................................................................ 251

Table 104: Market challenges rating for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market. ................................................................................................................................................................... 255

Table 105: Market drivers for use of graphene in conductive inks. .............................................................................. 258

Table 106: Comparative properties of conductive inks. ................................................................................................ 259

Table 107: Printable electronics products. .................................................................................................................... 260

Table 108: Opportunities for advanced materials in printed electronics. ...................................................................... 262

Table 109: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof.................. 264

Table 110: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in conductive inks. .............................................................. 267

Table 111: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types. ........................................................................................................................................................... 268

Table 112: Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2027. ....................................................................... 269

Table 113: Market impediments for graphene in conductive inks................................................................................. 270

Table 114: Market drivers for use of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components. ................... 273

Table 115: Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors. ..................................................................... 275

Table 116: Applications and benefits of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components. .............. 276

Table 117: Market size for graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components. .................................. 277

Table 118: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components. .. 278

Table 119: Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2030. ........................................ 279

Table 120: Market challenges rating for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market. .......................... 281




Table 121: Market drivers for use of graphene in memory devices. ............................................................................. 284

Table 122: Market size for graphene in memory devices. ............................................................................................ 287

Table 123: Demand for graphene in memory devices (tons), 2018-2030. ................................................................... 288

Table 124: Applications and commercialization challenges for graphene in the memory devices market. .................. 289

Table 125: Market drivers for use of graphene in photonics. ........................................................................................ 291

Table 126: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators. ............................................................ 292

Table 127: Applications and benefits of graphene in photonics. .................................................................................. 294

Table 128: Market size for graphene in photonics. ....................................................................................................... 295

Table 129: Demand for graphene in photonics (tons), 2018-2030. .............................................................................. 296

Table 130: Market challenges rating for graphene in the photonics market. ................................................................ 298

Table 131: Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries. ......................................................................................... 300

Table 132: Wearable energy and energy harvesting devices and stage of development. ........................................... 304

Table 133: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof. ......................... 306

Table 134: Market size for graphene in batteries.......................................................................................................... 308

Table 135: Potential addressable market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries. .................................................. 309

Table 136: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in batteries. ......................................................................... 309

Table 137: Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2030. ................................................................................ 310

Table 138: Market challenges for graphene in batteries. .............................................................................................. 311

Table 139: Market challenges rating for graphene in the batteries market. ................................................................. 312

Table 140: Market drivers for use of graphene in supercapacitors. .............................................................................. 316

Table 141: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. ....................................... 317

Table 142: Applications and benefits of graphene in supercapacitors. ........................................................................ 317

Table 143: Applications in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof. ..... 319

Table 144: Market size for graphene in supercapacitors. ............................................................................................. 320

Table 145: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in supercapacitors. ............................................................. 321

Table 146: Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2030. .................................................................... 322

Table 147: Market challenges rating for graphene in the supercapacitors market. ...................................................... 323

Table 148: Market drivers for use of graphene in photovoltaics. .................................................................................. 325

Table 149: Market size for graphene in photovoltaics. ................................................................................................. 328

Table 150: Market size for graphene in photovoltaics. ................................................................................................. 329

Table 151: Potential addressable market for photovoltaics. ......................................................................................... 329

Table 152: Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2030.......................................................................... 330

Table 153: Market challenges rating for graphene in the solar market......................................................................... 331




Table 154: Market drivers for use of graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage. ..................................................... 333

Table 155: Applications and benefits of graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage................................................. 335

Table 156: Market size for graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage. .................................................................... 335

Table 157: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in fuel cells and hydrogen storage. .................................... 336

Table 158: Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2030. ................................................................................ 336

Table 159: Market challenges rating for graphene in the fuel cells market. ................................................................. 338

Table 160: Market drivers for use of graphene in LED lighting and UVC. .................................................................... 339

Table 161: Applications of graphene in lighting. ........................................................................................................... 339

Table 162: Market size for graphene in LED lighting and UVC. ................................................................................... 341

Table 163: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the lighting market. .................................................. 342

Table 164: Demand for graphene in lighting (tons), 2018-2030. .................................................................................. 342

Table 165: Market impediments for graphene in lighting. ............................................................................................. 343

Table 166: Market drivers for graphene in oil and gas. ................................................................................................ 345

Table 167: Applications of graphene in the oil and gas market. ................................................................................... 346

Table 168: Application markets, competing materials, graphene advantages and current market size in oil and gas.350

Table 169: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the oil and gas market. ................................................... 351

Table 170: Potential addressable market for graphene in the oil and gas market. ...................................................... 352

Table 171: Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2030. ............................................................................ 353

Table 172: Market challenges rating for graphene in the oil and gas market. .............................................................. 354

Table 173: Market drivers for use of graphene in filtration. .......................................................................................... 355

Table 174: Applications and benefits of graphene in filtration and separation. ............................................................ 357

Table 175: Market size for graphene in filtration. .......................................................................................................... 359

Table 176: Potential addressable market for graphene in the filtration market. ........................................................... 361

Table 177: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the filtration and separation market. ............................... 361

Table 178: Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2030. ................................................................................. 362

Table 179: Market challenges rating for graphene in the filtration and separation market. .......................................... 363

Table 180: Market drivers for use of graphene in the life sciences and medical market. ............................................. 366

Table 181: Graphene properties relevant to application in biomedicine and healthcare. ............................................. 368

Table 182: Applications and benefits of graphene in life sciences and medical. .......................................................... 369

Table 183: Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. ............................................................................................................................................................................... 377

Table 184: Market size for graphene in biomedical and healthcare. ............................................................................ 383

Table 185: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets. .................................. 385

Table 186: Potential addressable market for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets. ..................................... 386




Table 187: Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2030. ..................................................... 387

Table 188: Market challenges in graphene in biomedicine and healthcare. ................................................................. 389

Table 189: Market challenges rating for graphene in the biomedical and healthcare market. ..................................... 390

Table 190: Market drivers for use of graphene in lubricants. ........................................................................................ 392

Table 191: Applications of graphene in the lubricants market. ..................................................................................... 392

Table 192: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants. .................................................................................... 393

Table 193: Market size for graphene in lubricants. ....................................................................................................... 393

Table 194: Potential addressable market for graphene in the lubricants market. ........................................................ 394

Table 195: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in lubricants. ....................................................................... 395

Table 196: Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2030. .............................................................................. 395

Table 197: Market challenges rating for graphene in the lubricants market. ................................................................ 396

Table 198: Applications of graphene in rubber and tires. ............................................................................................. 397

Table 199: Market summary and revenues for graphene in the rubber and tires market............................................. 397

Table 200: Potential addressable market for graphene in the rubber and tires market. .............................................. 398

Table 201: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the rubber and tires market. .................................... 398

Table 202: Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2030. .................................................................... 398

Table 203: Market challenges for graphene in rubber and tires. .................................................................................. 399

Table 204: Market drivers for use of graphene in sensors. .......................................................................................... 402

Table 205: Applications and benefits of graphene in sensors. ..................................................................................... 403

Table 206: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors. ............................................................................ 404

Table 207: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor. ......................... 408

Table 208: Market size for graphene in sensors. .......................................................................................................... 409

Table 209: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the sensors market. ........................................................ 410

Table 210: Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2030. ................................................................................. 411

Table 211: Market challenges rating for graphene in the sensors market. ................................................................... 413

Table 212: Types of smart textiles. ............................................................................................................................... 416

Table 213: Smart textile products. ................................................................................................................................ 417

Table 214: Market drivers for use of graphene in smart textiles and apparel. .............................................................. 417

Table 215: Nanocoatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications. ........................................................................................................................................................... 419

Table 216: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials. ................. 421

Table 217: Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel. .................................................................. 422

Table 218: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market. ................................................................... 425

Table 219: Potential addressable market for graphene in the smart textiles market. ................................................... 428




Table 220: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in smart textiles and apparel. ............................................. 428

Table 221: Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2030. .................................................................................. 429

Table 222: Market impediments for graphene in textiles. ............................................................................................. 430

Table 223: Market challenges for graphene in textiles and apparel. ............................................................................ 430

Table 224: Potential addressable market for graphene in the cement market. ............................................................ 434

Table 225: Demand for graphene in cement (tons), 2018-2030. .................................................................................. 434

Table 226: Graphene producers and types produced. ................................................................................................. 438

Table 227: Graphene producers target market matrix. ................................................................................................. 441

Table 228: Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets. ............................................ 444

Table 229: Graphene product developers and end users target market matrix. .......................................................... 448

Figures Figure 1: Demand for graphene, 2010-2030. .................................................................................................................. 43

Figure 2: Vittoria bike tires incorporating graphene. ....................................................................................................... 43

Figure 3: Demand for graphene, by market, 2018. Figures based on market graphene producers sell to, including samples. ................................................................................................................................................................... 48

Figure 4: Global government funding for graphene in millions USD to 2018. ................................................................ 53

Figure 5: Market drivers and trends in graphene. ........................................................................................................... 56

Figure 6: Demand for graphene in China, by market, 2017. ........................................................................................... 64



Figure 9: Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2017. ................................................................................. 66

Figure 10: Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2018. ............................................................................... 66

Figure 11: Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2030. ............................................................................... 67

Figure 12; Demand for graphene by region, 2015-2030, tons. ....................................................................................... 68

Figure 13: Demand for graphene in North America, by market, 2017. ........................................................................... 72



Figure 16: Demand for graphene in Europe, by market, 2017. ...................................................................................... 74







Figure 20: Graphene layer structure schematic. ............................................................................................................. 77

Figure 21: Graphite and graphene. ................................................................................................................................. 78

Figure 22: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. .................................................................. 79

Figure 23: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4). .......................................................................................... 82

Figure 24: Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots. .................................................................................................. 83

Figure 25: Graphene quantum dots. ............................................................................................................................... 84

Figure 26: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite. .. 86

Figure 27: Schematic of 2-D materials. ........................................................................................................................... 91

Figure 28: Borophene schematic. ................................................................................................................................... 93

Figure 29: Black phosphorus structure. .......................................................................................................................... 94

Figure 30: Black Phosphorus crystal. ............................................................................................................................. 95

Figure 31: Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation. .... 96

Figure 32: Graphitic carbon nitride. ................................................................................................................................. 99

Figure 33: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. ............................................................................................ 100

Figure 34: Schematic of germanene. ............................................................................................................................ 101

Figure 35: Graphdiyne structure. .................................................................................................................................. 103

Figure 36: Schematic of Graphane crystal. ................................................................................................................... 105

Figure 37: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride............................................................................................................ 107

Figure 38: BN nanosheet textiles application. ............................................................................................................... 109

Figure 39: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide. ........................................................................................................ 110

Figure 40: SEM image of MoS2. .................................................................................................................................... 111

Figure 41: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. ........................................... 112

Figure 42: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge. ................................................................................................................................................... 112

Figure 43: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide. .......................................................................................... 114

Figure 44: Silicene structure. ........................................................................................................................................ 115

Figure 45: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate. ........................................................................................... 115

Figure 46: Silicene transistor. ........................................................................................................................................ 116

Figure 47: Crystal structure for stanene. ....................................................................................................................... 118

Figure 48: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111). ...................................................................... 118

Figure 49: Schematic of tungsten diselenide. ............................................................................................................... 120

Figure 50: Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe). ......................................................................................................... 122




Figure 51: Fabrication methods of graphene. ............................................................................................................... 126

Figure 52: Graphene synthesis methods. ..................................................................................................................... 127

Figure 53: TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF. ............................................................................................... 128

Figure 54: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium. ............................................................................................ 130

Figure 55: Schematic illustration of the main graphene production techniques. .......................................................... 132

Figure 56: Graphene synthesis-CVD technique. .......................................................................................................... 133

Figure 57: (a) Graphene powder production line in The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd. .................................................................................................. 134

Figure 58: Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG. .............................. 137

Figure 59: Roll-to-roll graphene production process. .................................................................................................... 138

Figure 60: Schematic of roll-to-roll manufacturing process. ......................................................................................... 139

Figure 61: Microwave irradiation of graphite to produce single-layer graphene. .......................................................... 140

Figure 62: Schematic of typical commercialization route for graphene producer. ........................................................ 142

Figure 63: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2018. ............................................................................ 150

Figure 64: Roadmap for graphene applications. ........................................................................................................... 153

Figure 65: Demand for graphene, 2010-2030. .............................................................................................................. 155

Figure 66: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018. ........................................................... 157

Figure 67: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018. ................................................................ 159

Figure 68: CVD Graphene on Cu Foil. .......................................................................................................................... 160

Figure 69: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament. ................................................................. 168

Figure 70: Demand for graphene in 3-D printing (tons), 2018-2030. ............................................................................ 171

Figure 71: Graphene Adhesives. .................................................................................................................................. 173

Figure 72: Potential addressable market for graphene in adhesives. .......................................................................... 176

Figure 73: Demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2030. .............................................................................. 177

Figure 74: Graphene aircraft. ........................................................................................................................................ 181

Figure 75: Potential addressable market for graphene in aviation and aerospace. ..................................................... 183

Figure 76: Potential addressable market for graphene-enabled applications in aviation and aerospace. ................... 184

Figure 77: Demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2030............................................................................... 185

Figure 78: Graphene enhanced aircraft cargio container. ............................................................................................ 187

Figure 79: Graphene-based automotive components. ................................................................................................. 190

Figure 80: Antistatic graphene tire. ............................................................................................................................... 191

Figure 81: Potential addressable market for graphene in the automotive sector. ........................................................ 193




Figure 82: Potential addressable market for graphene in the automotive sector. ........................................................ 194

Figure 83: Demand for graphene in automotive(tons), 2018-2030. .............................................................................. 195

Figure 84: Supercar incorporating graphene. ............................................................................................................... 197

Figure 85: Graphene tire. .............................................................................................................................................. 198

Figure 86: Heat transfer coating developed at MIT....................................................................................................... 203

Figure 87: Water permeation through a brick without (left) and with (right) “graphene paint” coating. ........................ 207

Figure 88: Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate. ......................................................................... 209

Figure 89: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market. ................................................................. 210

Figure 90: Graphene based anti-corrosion steel coatings. ........................................................................................... 214

Figure 91: Potential addressable market for graphene in the coatings market. ........................................................... 215

Figure 92: Potential addressable market for graphene in the coatings market. ........................................................... 216

Figure 93: Demand for graphene in coatings (tons), 2018-2030. ................................................................................. 217

Figure 94: Potential addressable market for graphene in composites. ........................................................................ 227

Figure 95: Potential addressable market for graphene in the composites market. ...................................................... 228

Figure 96: Demand for graphene in composites (tons), 2018-2030. ............................................................................ 229

Figure 97: Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application. ............................................................................ 235

Figure 98: Flexible graphene touch screen. .................................................................................................................. 235

Figure 99: Galapad Settler smartphone. ....................................................................................................................... 236

Figure 100: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode. .................................................. 237

Figure 101: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte. ................................................................................................................................. 238

Figure 102: Flexible mobile phones with graphene transparent conductive film. ......................................................... 239

Figure 103: Foldable graphene E-paper. ...................................................................................................................... 239

Figure 104: Covestro wearables. .................................................................................................................................. 241

Figure 105: Softceptor sensor. ...................................................................................................................................... 243

Figure 106: BeBop Media Arm Controller. .................................................................................................................... 244

Figure 107: LG Innotek flexible textile pressure sensor. ............................................................................................... 244

Figure 108: C2Sense flexible sensor. ........................................................................................................................... 245

Figure 109: Wearable gas sensor. ................................................................................................................................ 246

Figure 110: BeBop Sensors Marcel Modular Data Gloves. .......................................................................................... 247

Figure 111: BeBop Sensors Smart Helmet Sensor System. ........................................................................................ 247

Figure 112: Torso and Extremities Protection (TEP) system. ....................................................................................... 248




Figure 113: Potential addressable market for graphene in the flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays market. ..................................................................................................................................................... 250

Figure 114: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $. ......................................... 251

Figure 115: Demand for graphene in flexible electronics (tons), 2018-2030. ............................................................... 252

Figure 116: Global transparent conductive electrodes market forecast by materials type, 2012-2027, millions $. ..... 253

Figure 117: Schematic of the wet roll-to-roll graphene transfer from copper foils to polymeric substrates. ................. 254

Figure 118: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene. ............................................................................................................................................................... 255

Figure 119: BGT Materials graphene ink product. ........................................................................................................ 260

Figure 120: Printed graphene conductive ink. .............................................................................................................. 261

Figure 121: Flexible RFID tag. ...................................................................................................................................... 261

Figure 122: Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink. ............................................................................................ 263

Figure 123: Enfucell Printed Battery. ............................................................................................................................ 265

Figure 124: Graphene printed antenna. ........................................................................................................................ 265

Figure 125: Printed antennas for aircraft. ..................................................................................................................... 265

Figure 126: Vorbeck Materials conductive ink products. .............................................................................................. 266

Figure 127: Potential addressable market for graphene in the conductive ink market. ................................................ 267

Figure 128: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types. ........................................................................................................................................................... 268

Figure 129: Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2030....................................................................... 270

Figure 130: Graphene IC in wafer tester. ...................................................................................................................... 274

Figure 131: A monolayer WS2-based flexible transistor array. .................................................................................... 274

Figure 132: Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right). ......................................................................................................................................................... 276

Figure 133: Potential addressable market for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits. .................................... 278

Figure 134: Potential addressable market for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market................... 279

Figure 135: Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2030. ....................................... 280

Figure 136: The GF1 Graphene Watch. ....................................................................................................................... 283

Figure 137: Graphene oxide-based RRAm device on a flexible substrate. .................................................................. 285

Figure 138: Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random access memory (RRAM). ................................................................................................................................................... 285

Figure 139: A schematic diagram for the mechanism of the resistive switching in metal/GO/Pt. ................................ 286

Figure 140: Carbon nanotubes NRAM chip. ................................................................................................................. 286

Figure 141: Stretchable SWCNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics. ............................................... 287

Figure 142: Potential addressable market for graphene in the memory devices market. ............................................ 288




Figure 143: Demand for graphene in memory devices (tons), 2018-2030. .................................................................. 289

Figure 144: Hybrid graphene phototransistors.............................................................................................................. 293

Figure 145: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors. ........................................................... 293

Figure 146: Flexible PEN coated with graphene and a QD thin film (20nm) is highly visibly transparent and photosensitive. ....................................................................................................................................................... 294

Figure 147: Potential addressable market for graphene in photonics. ......................................................................... 296

Figure 148: Demand for graphene in photonics (tons), 2018-2030. ............................................................................. 297

Figure 149: The SkelStart Engine Start Module 2.0 based on the graphene-based SkelCap ultracapacitors. ............ 300

Figure 150: Energy harvesting textile. .......................................................................................................................... 302

Figure 151: LG Chem Heaxagonal battery. .................................................................................................................. 304

Figure 152: Printed 1.5V battery. .................................................................................................................................. 306

Figure 153: H600 concept car. ...................................................................................................................................... 307

Figure 154: Anion concept car. ..................................................................................................................................... 308

Figure 155: Potential addressable market for graphene in the thin film, flexible and printed batteries market. ........... 310

Figure 156: Demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2030. ............................................................................... 311

Figure 157: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor. ....................................................................................................... 317

Figure 158: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger. ....................................................................................................... 318

Figure 159: Stretchable graphene supercapacitor. ....................................................................................................... 319

Figure 160: Potential addressable market for graphene in supercapacitors. ............................................................... 321

Figure 161: Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2030. ................................................................... 322

Figure 162: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode. ................................................................................... 326

Figure 163: Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. ................................................................................................... 327

Figure 164: Potential addressable market for graphene in photovoltaics. .................................................................... 330

Figure 165: Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2030. ....................................................................... 331

Figure 166: Potential addressable market for graphene in fuel cells. ........................................................................... 336

Figure 167: Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2030. .............................................................................. 337

Figure 168: LG OLED flexible lighting panel. ................................................................................................................ 340

Figure 169: Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight. ............................................................................ 341

Figure 170: Potential addressable market for graphene in lighting. ............................................................................. 342

Figure 171: Demand for graphene in lighting (tons), 2018-2030. ................................................................................. 343

Figure 172: Schematic of boron doped graphene for application in gas sensors. ........................................................ 347

Figure 173: Directa Plus Grafysorber. .......................................................................................................................... 349




Figure 174: Nanometer-scale pores in single-layer freestanding graphene membrane can effectively filter NaCl salt from water. ............................................................................................................................................................. 350

Figure 175: Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2030. ........................................................................... 353

Figure 176: Degradation of organic dye molecules by graphene hybrid composite photocatalysts. ............................ 358

Figure 177: Graphene anti-smog mask. ....................................................................................................................... 359

Figure 178: Potential addressable market for graphene in the filtration market. .......................................................... 359

Figure 179: Demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2030. ................................................................................ 363

Figure 180: Graphene filtration membrane. .................................................................................................................. 364

Figure 181: Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are attached directly to the graphene channel. .............................. 373

Figure 182: Graphene-Oxide based chip prototypes for biopsy-free early cancer diagnosis. ...................................... 373

Figure 183: Connected human body. ............................................................................................................................ 375

Figure 184: Flexible, lightweight temperature sensor. .................................................................................................. 375

Figure 185: Graphene-based E-skin patch. .................................................................................................................. 376

Figure 186: Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs. ............ 378

Figure 187: Graphene medical patch. ........................................................................................................................... 379

Figure 188: TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer. ............................................................................................. 380

Figure 189: Mimo baby monitor. ................................................................................................................................... 380

Figure 190: Nanowire skin hydration patch. .................................................................................................................. 381

Figure 191: Wearable sweat sensor. ............................................................................................................................ 381

Figure 192: GraphWear wearable sweat sensor. ......................................................................................................... 382

Figure 193: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $. ................... 384

Figure 194: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $. ................... 385

Figure 195: Potential addressable market for graphene-enabled applications in the biomedical and healthcare market. ............................................................................................................................................................................... 387

Figure 196: Demand for graphene in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018-2030. .................................................... 388

Figure 197: Demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2030. ............................................................................. 395

Figure 198: Demand for graphene in rubber and tires (tons), 2018-2030. ................................................................... 399

Figure 199: GFET sensors. ........................................................................................................................................... 406

Figure 200: First generation point of care diagnostics. ................................................................................................. 407

Figure 201: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic. ............................................................................................ 408

Figure 202: Potential addressable market for graphene in the sensors market. .......................................................... 411

Figure 203: Demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2030. ................................................................................ 412

Figure 204: Colmar graphene ski jacket. ...................................................................................................................... 423




Figure 205: Conductive yarns. ...................................................................................................................................... 424

Figure 206: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market 2013-2030 revenue forecast (million $). ... 425

Figure 207 Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel sales by market segment, 2016. ........................... 426

Figure 208: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart clothing and apparel 2014-2021, in US$, conservative estimate. ........................................................................................................................................... 427

Figure 209: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart clothing and apparel 2014-2021, in US$, optimistic estimate.................................................................................................................................................................. 427

Figure 210: Demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2030. ................................................................................. 429

Figure 211: Demand for graphene in cement (tons), 2018-2030. ................................................................................. 435

Figure 212: Graphene added to cement. ...................................................................................................................... 436

Figure 213: Graphene flake products. .......................................................................................................................... 455

Figure 214: Prototype of Graphene-integrated UF filter cartridge. ............................................................................... 533

Download - The Global Market for Graphene Table of contents...FUTURE MARKETS July 11 2019 TECHNOLOGY REPORT 4

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