The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
““Understanding the structures Understanding the structures and functions of glycans is and functions of glycans is central to understanding biology.” central to understanding biology.”
“… “… Glycoscience researchers have Glycoscience researchers have developed a knowledge base that developed a knowledge base that can be used to address many of can be used to address many of today’s major research problems. today’s major research problems. When combined with current tools, When combined with current tools, it is a powerful resource to better it is a powerful resource to better understand human, plant, and understand human, plant, and microbial biology..” microbial biology..”
National Academies Press (2012)
Scanning electron microscopy of C. neoformans yeast cells.Van Duin et al. (2004) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48:2014
Light microscopy micrograph of Cryptococcus neoformans
Steenbergen et al. (2003) Microbes and Infection 5:667
What if a MAJOR cell component was invisible by standard microscopy?
Light microscopy micrograph of Cryptococcus neoformans capsule delineated by India ink. The inner circle represents the fungal cell, with the wide outer circle being the capsule.Steenbergen et al. (2003) Microbes and Infection 5:667
Electron microscopic thin section ofEscherichia coli K1Amako et al. (1988) J Bacteriol 170:4960
Unique to yeast – NO!
Electron microscopic thin section ofKlebsiella pneumoniaeAmako et al. (1988) J Bacteriol 170:4960
The Eukaryotic Cell SurfaceThe Eukaryotic Cell Surface
Tiny sugar “decorations”..added as an afterthought
Lodish, et al. (1995) Molecular Cell Biology 3rd ed.Lodish, et al. (1995) Molecular Cell Biology 3rd ed.
??
The “glycocalyx” surrounding a fibroblast – glycans stained blackThe “glycocalyx” surrounding a fibroblast – glycans stained black
lipid bilayerlipid bilayer
fibroblastfibroblast
extracellularextracellular
intracellularintracellular
Martinez-Palomo, A., et al. Cancer Res. 29, 925-937, 1969
Eukaryotic cell surfaceEukaryotic cell surface
““Evolution has failed to generate a [single] Evolution has failed to generate a [single] living cell devoid of surface glycosylation” living cell devoid of surface glycosylation” - -
A. VarkiA. Varki
““Every eukaryotic cell is covered with a dense and complex array Every eukaryotic cell is covered with a dense and complex array of glycans, which also feature prominently in extracellular matrix of glycans, which also feature prominently in extracellular matrix and secreted soluble molecules.” … in fact…and secreted soluble molecules.” … in fact…
Ajit Varki, “Perspectives on the Future of Glycobiology,” Athens, GA, 14-Mar-2011
Tropical Forest
Canopy
Tropical Forest
Canopy
Cohen & Varki (2010) OMICS 4:455
Ajit Varki, “Perspectives on the Future of Glycobiology,” Athens, GA, 14-Mar-2011
fibroblastfibroblast
Martinez-Palomo, A., et al. Cancer Res. 29, 925-937, 1969
The Cell SurfaceThe Cell Surface
Textbook image Real imageTextbook image Real image
Rosetta Stone, British MuseumRosetta Stone, British Museum
Cohen & Varki (2010) OMICS 4:455
Glycobiology = Language (semiotics)Glycobiology = Language (semiotics)
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
Carbohydrates – the building blocks of Glycobiology
(CH2O)n = “carbo” “hydrate”
Generalized KetoseGeneralized Ketose
Generalized AldoseGeneralized Aldose
glucoseglucose fructosefructose
Generalized KetoseGeneralized KetoseGeneralized AldoseGeneralized Aldose
Generalized AldoseGeneralized Aldose
GlycoaldehydeGlycoaldehyde
Enantiomers: Enantiomers: mirror images of each other that are not superimposable.mirror images of each other that are not superimposable.
Diastereomers: Diastereomers: stereoisomers that are not enantiomers. stereoisomers that are not enantiomers.
Generalized AldoseGeneralized Aldose
Fischer projectionFischer projection
D-glyceraldehyde
L-glyceraldehydeD-glyceraldehyde
EnantiomersEnantiomers
* *
* Highest numbered asymmetric carbon = reference carbon
DiasteriomersDiasteriomers
* Highest numbered asymmetric carbon = reference carbon
* *
Enantiomers & DiasteriomersEnantiomers & Diasteriomers
* Highest numbered asymmetric carbon = reference carbon
* *
**
carbonsasymmetric
carbons
diaster-
iomers
diasteriomers &
enantiomers
3 1 0 2
4 2 2 4
5 3 4 8
6 4 8 16
Essentials of Glycobiology Second Edition
* *
** * *
* epimers: differ in only stereogenic center
Monosaccharides equilibrate between open chain and ring forms.Monosaccharides equilibrate between open chain and ring forms.Two ring forms (anomeric configurations) are possible, Two ring forms (anomeric configurations) are possible, αα and and ββ
Taylor & Drickamer (2011) Introduction to Glycobiology, 3rd edition
Lee & Lee (1999) J Chinese Chem Soc 46:283-291
C
C
C
C
H
HH
H
O
O O
O
O
CH OH
C
O
CHO H
C
Anomeric
carbon
Ring oxygen
Same direction as reference carbon = αDifferent direction from reference carbon = β
Determining anomeric configurationDetermining anomeric configuration
[PDB]
Monosaccharide conformation – Chair configuationsMonosaccharide conformation – Chair configuations
Taylor & Drickamer (2006) Introduction to Glycobiology, 2nd edition
Seven eukaryotic sugars and their relationship to glucoseSeven eukaryotic sugars and their relationship to glucose
Taylor & Drickamer (2011) Introduction to Glycobiology, 3rd edition
Two important terminal eukaryotic sugarsTwo important terminal eukaryotic sugars
Taylor & Drickamer (2011) Introduction to Glycobiology, 3rd edition
Glycan properties for molecular recognition and binding energyGlycan properties for molecular recognition and binding energyGlycan properties for molecular recognition and binding energyGlycan properties for molecular recognition and binding energy
Glucose Galactose
Sialic Acid
Mannose
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
When a glycosidic bond is formed the anomeric configuration is “locked”When a glycosidic bond is formed the anomeric configuration is “locked”
Glycosidic bonds link sugars togetherGlycosidic bonds link sugars together
Taylor & Drickamer (2011) Introduction to Glycobiology, 3rd edition
(lactose) CCRC
Nomenclature:Nomenclature:
-Name the non-reducing (left-most) sugar (Gal)-Name the non-reducing (left-most) sugar (Gal) -Name the anomeric configuration ( -Name the anomeric configuration (ββ)) -Name the anomeric carbon number (1) -Name the anomeric carbon number (1) -Name the substituted carbon number (4) -Name the substituted carbon number (4) -Name the substituted sugar (Glc) -Name the substituted sugar (Glc)
RESULT: Gal RESULT: Gal ββ1-4 Glc1-4 Glc
Taylor & Drickamer (2011) Introduction to Glycobiology, 3rd edition
NeuAc NeuAc α2-α2-3 Gal 3 Gal β1-β1-4 (Fuc 4 (Fuc α1-α1-3) GlcNAc3) GlcNAc
Nomenclature: Branches are placed in parenthesesNomenclature: Branches are placed in parentheses
Varki et al. (2009) Proteomics. 9:5398
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
Sugars, polysaccharides, Sugars, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and glycoconjugatesoligosaccharides and glycoconjugates
Sugars, polysaccharides, Sugars, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and glycoconjugatesoligosaccharides and glycoconjugates
• Simple mono- or disaccharides: often from plants or Simple mono- or disaccharides: often from plants or breakdown products of plant polysaccharides. breakdown products of plant polysaccharides. – Examples: glucose, sucrose (glucose Examples: glucose, sucrose (glucose αα1-1-22 fructose), maltose fructose), maltose
(Glc (Glc αα1-4 Glc), lactose (Gal 1-4 Glc), lactose (Gal ββ1-4 Glc).1-4 Glc).
• Polysaccharides: long polymers (linear or branched) of Polysaccharides: long polymers (linear or branched) of a single monosaccharidea single monosaccharide– Examples: Cellulose, amylose (starch), glycogen, chitinExamples: Cellulose, amylose (starch), glycogen, chitin
• Oligosaccharides: groups of monosaccharides (e.g. 3 Oligosaccharides: groups of monosaccharides (e.g. 3 or more) in linear or branched glycosidic linkageor more) in linear or branched glycosidic linkage– Examples: Sugars groups bound to proteins or lipids to form Examples: Sugars groups bound to proteins or lipids to form
glycoconjugates (see below)glycoconjugates (see below)
• GlycoconjugatesGlycoconjugates– Examples: Glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycansExamples: Glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans
• Simple mono- or disaccharides: often from plants or Simple mono- or disaccharides: often from plants or breakdown products of plant polysaccharides. breakdown products of plant polysaccharides. – Examples: glucose, sucrose (glucose Examples: glucose, sucrose (glucose αα1-1-22 fructose), maltose fructose), maltose
(Glc (Glc αα1-4 Glc), lactose (Gal 1-4 Glc), lactose (Gal ββ1-4 Glc).1-4 Glc).
• Polysaccharides: long polymers (linear or branched) of Polysaccharides: long polymers (linear or branched) of a single monosaccharidea single monosaccharide– Examples: Cellulose, amylose (starch), glycogen, chitinExamples: Cellulose, amylose (starch), glycogen, chitin
• Oligosaccharides: groups of monosaccharides (e.g. 3 Oligosaccharides: groups of monosaccharides (e.g. 3 or more) in linear or branched glycosidic linkageor more) in linear or branched glycosidic linkage– Examples: Sugars groups bound to proteins or lipids to form Examples: Sugars groups bound to proteins or lipids to form
glycoconjugates (see below)glycoconjugates (see below)
• GlycoconjugatesGlycoconjugates– Examples: Glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycansExamples: Glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans
Examples of polysaccharides: CelluloseExamples of polysaccharides: CelluloseExamples of polysaccharides: CelluloseExamples of polysaccharides: Cellulose
((ββ1-4 Glc 1-4 Glc ββ1-4 Glc)1-4 Glc)nn
Most abundant organic Most abundant organic compound on Earth. ~90% of compound on Earth. ~90% of cotton fiber, 50% of wood, cotton fiber, 50% of wood, 33% of all plant matter.33% of all plant matter.
Intra- and inter-strand hydrogen Intra- and inter-strand hydrogen bonding provides strengthbonding provides strength
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose
Material sciences
Examples of polysaccharides: AmyloseExamples of polysaccharides: AmyloseExamples of polysaccharides: AmyloseExamples of polysaccharides: AmyloseLinear (amylose) and Linear (amylose) and branched (amylopectin) forms branched (amylopectin) forms are the carbohydrates of are the carbohydrates of starch. This major food source starch. This major food source is enzymatically broken down is enzymatically broken down to glucose during digestion…to glucose during digestion…
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylopectin
((αα1-4 Glc 1-4 Glc αα1-4 Glc)1-4 Glc)nn
α1-6 Glc branches
…and during ethanol production
Examples of polysaccharides: GlycogenExamples of polysaccharides: GlycogenExamples of polysaccharides: GlycogenExamples of polysaccharides: Glycogen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen
Tissue storage form of Tissue storage form of glucose (primarily in the liver & glucose (primarily in the liver & muscle). “Animal Starch” – muscle). “Animal Starch” – same general structure as same general structure as plant starch, but more plant starch, but more branched & compact. Broken branched & compact. Broken down to glucose at need to down to glucose at need to quickly increase blood glucose quickly increase blood glucose levels.levels.
((αα1-4 Glc 1-4 Glc αα1-4 Glc)1-4 Glc)nn
α1-6 Glc branches
Examples of polysaccharides: ChitinExamples of polysaccharides: ChitinExamples of polysaccharides: ChitinExamples of polysaccharides: Chitin
((ββ1-4 GlcNAc 1-4 GlcNAc ββ1-4 GlcNAc)1-4 GlcNAc)nn
Among the most abundant of Among the most abundant of organic molecules on Earth, it organic molecules on Earth, it is the main component of the is the main component of the cell walls of fungi, the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods exoskeletons of arthropods such as insects and such as insects and crustaceans (e.g., crabs, crustaceans (e.g., crabs, lobsters and shrimps).lobsters and shrimps).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin
Rosetta Stone, British MuseumRosetta Stone, British Museum
Cohen & Varki (2010) OMICS 4:455
Glycobiology = Language (semiotics)Glycobiology = Language (semiotics)
Oligosaccharides: Molecular diversity of glycansOligosaccharides: Molecular diversity of glycans
PolypeptidesPolypeptides GlycansGlycans
Building blocksBuilding blocks amino acidsamino acids monosaccharidesmonosaccharides
Number of different monomersNumber of different monomers 20 common20 common 9 common9 common
Linkage sites per monomerLinkage sites per monomer 11 3-43-4
Possible linkage configurationsPossible linkage configurations 11 22
Possible homodimer structuresPossible homodimer structures 11 6-86-8
Linkage modesLinkage modes linearlinear linear or branchedlinear or branched
HO
HO
O
HO
O
GalHO
OHO
HO
O
HO
O
GalHO
O
H2N C
Ala
OH
OH2N C
Ala
OH
O
Three different amino acids (Ala, Ser, Tyr) – 6 structuresThree different amino acids (Ala, Ser, Tyr) – 6 structures
Ala-Ser-TyrAla-Ser-TyrAla-Tyr-SerAla-Tyr-SerSer-Ala-TyrSer-Ala-TyrSer-Tyr-AlaSer-Tyr-AlaTyr-Ala-SerTyr-Ala-SerTyr-Ser-AlaTyr-Ser-Ala
Three different sugars (Glc, Gal, Man) – 1,056 structures …Three different sugars (Glc, Gal, Man) – 1,056 structures …
Man a1-4 Gal a1-3 Glc b1Man a1-6 Gal a1-3 Glc b1Man b1-2 Gal a1-3 Glc b1Man b1-3 Gal a1-3 Glc b1Man b1-4 Gal a1-3 Glc b1Man b1-6 Gal a1-3 Glc b1Man a1-2 Gal a1-4 Glc b1Man a1-3 Gal a1-4 Glc b1Man a1-4 Gal a1-4 Glc b1Man a1-6 Gal a1-4 Glc b1Man b1-2 Gal a1-4 Glc b1Man b1-3 Gal a1-4 Glc b1Man b1-4 Gal a1-4 Glc b1Man b1-6 Gal a1-4 Glc b1Man a1-2 Gal a1-6 Glc b1Man a1-3 Gal a1-6 Glc b1
Major Glycoconjugates of EukaryotesMajor Glycoconjugates of Eukaryotes
• GlycoproteinsGlycoproteins
• GlycolipidsGlycolipids
• ProteoglycansProteoglycans
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
The Glyco WorldThe Glyco Worldsaccharides, glycosides & glycanssaccharides, glycosides & glycans
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
• What’s the (sugar) buzz?What’s the (sugar) buzz?• Carbohydrates: The language of glycoscienceCarbohydrates: The language of glycoscience• The glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclatureThe glycosidic bond and glycan nomenclature• Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides, Major carbohydrate classes: sugars, polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates • Definitions and resourcesDefinitions and resources
What are:What are:
Glycobiology?Glycobiology?Glycosciences?Glycosciences?
Glycomics?Glycomics?
What are:What are:
Glycobiology?Glycobiology?Glycosciences?Glycosciences?
Glycomics?Glycomics?
GlycobiologyGlycobiologyThe study of the biological functions, structures, The study of the biological functions, structures, recognition and biosynthesis of recognition and biosynthesis of glycansglycans (sugar (sugar chains, saccharides) in the context of the chains, saccharides) in the context of the biological scaffolds to which they are attached biological scaffolds to which they are attached (e.g. glycolipids & glycoproteins).(e.g. glycolipids & glycoproteins).
GlycobiologyGlycobiologyThe study of the biological functions, structures, The study of the biological functions, structures, recognition and biosynthesis of recognition and biosynthesis of glycansglycans (sugar (sugar chains, saccharides) in the context of the chains, saccharides) in the context of the biological scaffolds to which they are attached biological scaffolds to which they are attached (e.g. glycolipids & glycoproteins).(e.g. glycolipids & glycoproteins).
GlycosciencesGlycosciencesGlycobiology & Glycochemistry, including…Glycobiology & Glycochemistry, including…
-Chemical synthesis-Chemical synthesis -Chemoenzymatic synthesis -Chemoenzymatic synthesis -Metabolic engineering -Metabolic engineering -Glycomimetics -Glycomimetics -Glycan conformation and structure -Glycan conformation and structure -Material Sciences -Material Sciences -Plant and bacterial polysaccharides -Plant and bacterial polysaccharides
GlycosciencesGlycosciencesGlycobiology & Glycochemistry, including…Glycobiology & Glycochemistry, including…
-Chemical synthesis-Chemical synthesis -Chemoenzymatic synthesis -Chemoenzymatic synthesis -Metabolic engineering -Metabolic engineering -Glycomimetics -Glycomimetics -Glycan conformation and structure -Glycan conformation and structure -Material Sciences -Material Sciences -Plant and bacterial polysaccharides -Plant and bacterial polysaccharides
GlycomicsGlycomics- Analytical glycosciences- Analytical glycosciences -Glycan bioinformatics -Glycan bioinformatics
““Glycome” – The total complement of glycansGlycome” – The total complement of glycans in a cell or organism in a cell or organism
GlycomicsGlycomics- Analytical glycosciences- Analytical glycosciences -Glycan bioinformatics -Glycan bioinformatics
““Glycome” – The total complement of glycansGlycome” – The total complement of glycans in a cell or organism in a cell or organism
Glycobiology resourcesGlycobiology resourcesGlycobiology resourcesGlycobiology resources
Oxford University Press, New YorkOxford University Press, New York Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. Content freely available at: Content freely available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1908http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1908
http://glycam.ccrc.uga.edu/ccrc/pages/3dspt.html