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The Great Depression and World War II
1929 - 1946
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The 1920s: Temporary Prosperity
Optimism and prosperity in the 1920s led many to hope that large scale conflict could be avoided.
This hope ended abruptly in October, 1929, with the onset of the Great Depression.
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The Great Depression’s Causes
After effects of World War I
Overproduction
Tariffs and other trade barriers
Stock market crash
Bank failures in the US and other countries
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The Great Depression (1929-1941)The Great Depression (1929-1941)
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The New York Stock Exchange in October, 1929
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Bank Failures
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The Dust Bowl
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Responses to the Great Depression
The enormous economic decline led many western governments to take greater control over their nation’s economies.
Many saw the Depression as evidence that democratic governments and capitalism were incapable of solving problems or meeting the needs of modern society.
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US reaction to the Depression
Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt the US enacted a reform program known as the New Deal.
The New Deal expanded government powers and regulated the US economy more closely than ever before.
Programs such as Social Security were designed to help Americans through the worst effects of the Great Depression and, it was hoped, prevent another.
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Western European Reactions
Social Democratic governments were elected in Scandinavia. They were socialist but democratic.
In England, the Labour Party took power
France’s government was led by the Popular Front, a mixture of socialist and moderate parties.
These governments attempted to help end the Depression by taking more power over their economies
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The Soviet Union
Because its economy was independent and did not depend on external trade, the Soviet Union had few economic troubles during the 1930s.
Joseph Stalin boasted that this demonstrated the superiority of socialism over capitalism, and some Westerners agreed.
Stalin’s Five Year Plans and focus on heavy industry and militarization made the Soviet Union a powerful force.
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Japan
Japan had fought on the Allied side during World War I, but was disappointed with its treatment by the other powers afterwards.
By the 1930s, military leaders or warlords had taken power.
Japan began to construct the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, promising “Asia for the Asiatics.”
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Germany
After World War I Germany’s economy was devastated, its territory shrunken, and its military force depleted.
Many Germans felt their country had been badly treated by the Treaty of Versailles, and were eager for revenge.
The Great Depression made Germany’s situation worse, and many Germans looked to new leadership.
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The German MarkThe German Mark
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The German MarkThe German Mark
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The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” TheoryThe “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory
Disgruntled German WWI veteransDisgruntled German WWI veterans
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Adolf Hitler
Born 1889, Austria
Obsessed with German racial superiority
Anti-Semitic
World War I veteran, took leadership of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi) in early 1920s
Attempted to seize power in 1923, but was imprisoned.
Wrote Mein Kampf
Appointed Chancellor after Nazis won the German elections in January, 1933.
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The Third Reich By 1934 Hitler had taken total power and
become Der Fuhrer, or “The Leader” of Germany
He began to remilitarize Germany in defiance of the Versailles Treaty.
Anti-Semitic Decrees first separated the Jews from the Germans, then began to limit their rights, eventually leading to the Holocaust.
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Nazi Propaganda
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Anti-Semitism
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The Road to World War II
Many point to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in Northern China in 1931 as the true beginning of World War II.
During the 1930s, Mussolini’s Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia, Japan continued to invade and conquer China, and Germany made aggressive moves towards war
The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1938 was another omen of greater conflicts to come.
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“Guernica” by Pablo Picasso“Guernica” by Pablo Picasso
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Germany Invades the Rhineland
March 7, 1936
Germany Invades the Rhineland
March 7, 1936
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The Austrian Anschluss, 1938The Austrian Anschluss, 1938
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The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937
The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937
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The “Problem” of theSudetenland
The “Problem” of theSudetenland
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Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938
Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938
“Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with.”“Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr
Hitler is a man we can do business with.”
British Prime Minister Neville ChamberlainBritish Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
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Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939
The “Pact of Steel”The “Pact of Steel”
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The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939
The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939
Foreign Ministers Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotovvon Ribbentrop & Molotov
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Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Blitzkrieg [“Lightning War”]Blitzkrieg [“Lightning War”]
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The “Phony War” Ends:Spring, 1940
The “Phony War” Ends:Spring, 1940
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Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:The Tripartite PactSeptember, 1940
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:The Tripartite PactSeptember, 1940
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Battle of Britain:The “Blitz”Battle of Britain:The “Blitz”
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British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
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Operation Barbarossa:Hitler’s Biggest MistakeOperation Barbarossa:Hitler’s Biggest Mistake
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Pearl HarborPearl Harbor
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Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
“A date which will live in infamy…”
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Pacific Theater of OperationsPacific Theater of Operations
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Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”
Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”
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“Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien Island
“Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien Island
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Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942
Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942
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Axis Powers in 1942Axis Powers in 1942
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Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943
Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943
German Army Russian Army1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns
13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks 894 tanks
1,216 planes 1,115 planes
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The Italian Campaign [“Operation Torch”] :
Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”
The Italian Campaign [“Operation Torch”] :
Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”• Allies plan Allies plan
assault on assault on weakest Axis weakest Axis area - North area - North Africa - Nov. Africa - Nov. 1942-May 19431942-May 1943
• George S. George S. PattonPatton leads leads American American troopstroops
• Germans Germans trapped in trapped in Tunisia - Tunisia - surrender over surrender over 275,000 troops.275,000 troops.
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D-Day (June 6, 1944)D-Day (June 6, 1944)
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Normandy Landing (June 6, 1944)
Normandy Landing (June 6, 1944)
Higgins Landing Higgins Landing CraftsCrafts
German German PrisonersPrisoners
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TThe Liberation of Paris:August 25, 1944TThe Liberation of Paris:August 25, 1944
De Gaulle in De Gaulle in Triumph!Triumph!
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The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last Offensive
The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last Offensive
Dec. 16, 1944Dec. 16, 1944toto
Jan. 28, 1945Jan. 28, 1945
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US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River: April 25, 1945
US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River: April 25, 1945
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Horrors of the Holocaust ExposedHorrors of the Holocaust Exposed
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Crematoria Crematoria at at
MajdanekMajdanek
Entrance to Entrance to AuschwitzAuschwitz
Horrors of the Holocaust ExposedHorrors of the Holocaust Exposed
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Horrors of the Holocaust ExposedHorrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at BuchenwaldSlave Labor at Buchenwald
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Horrors of the Holocaust ExposedHorrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Mass Graves at Bergen-BelsenMass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
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Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945
Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945
The FührerThe Führer’’s Bunkers Bunker
Cyanide & PistolsCyanide & Pistols
Mr. & Mrs. HitlerMr. & Mrs. Hitler
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V-E Day (May 8, 1945)V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
General Keitel General Keitel
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Japanese Kamikaze Planes:The Scourge of the South PacificJapanese Kamikaze Planes:
The Scourge of the South Pacific
Kamikaze PilotsKamikaze Pilots
Suicide Suicide BombersBombers
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US Marines on Mt. Suribachi,Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]
US Marines on Mt. Suribachi,Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]
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The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos, NM
The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos, NM
Dr. Robert Dr. Robert OppenheimerOppenheimer
‘I am become
death, the destroyer
of worlds!”
‘I am become
death, the destroyer
of worlds!”
Major GeneralMajor GeneralLesley R. Lesley R. GrovesGroves
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Hiroshima – August 6, 1945Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
• 70,000 killed 70,000 killed immediately.immediately.
• 48,000 buildings. 48,000 buildings. destroyed.destroyed.
• 100,000s died of 100,000s died of radiation poisoning radiation poisoning and cancer. and cancer.
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Nagasaki – August 9, 1945Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
• 40,000 killed 40,000 killed immediately.immediately.
• 60,000 injured.60,000 injured.• 100,000s died of100,000s died of
radiation poisoningradiation poisoningand cancerand cancer..
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Japanese A-Bomb SurvivorsJapanese A-Bomb Survivors
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End of the War (September 2, 1945)
End of the War (September 2, 1945)
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V-J Day in Times Square, NYCV-J Day in Times Square, NYC