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The Great War
Causes, Events, Aftermath
World War I
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Essential Questions
• How had industrial growth altered the nature of warfare as the nations of Europe approached the fateful year 1914?
• Why did industrialism help generate new tensions and national rivalries that made all-out war more likely in the late 1800s and early 1900s?
• Why was the unification of Germany such an important factor in setting the stage for the tensions leading to a world war?
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Essential Questions (continued)
• Why were the ethnic rivalries in Austria-Hungary and the Balkans able to lead nearly the entire continent of Europe into a general war in the summer of 1914?
• Why were military commanders and political leaders so unprepared for the long war they had to fight and for the vast destructive nature of warfare among modern industrial nations?
• Why was the peace settlement in 1919 unable to stabilize Europe and prevent the outbreak of future tensions and war there?
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Map of Allied and Central Powers
Allied Powers
Major powers
• British Empire (1914–1918)
• France (1914–1918)
• Italy (1914–1918)
• Russia (1914–1917)
• United States (1917–1918)
Central Powers
Major powers
• Austria-Hungary (1914–1918)
• Germany (1914–1918)
• Ottoman Empire/Turkey (1914–1918)
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United Kingdom
“The Rhodes Colossus”
• Constitutional monarchy
• 1914: Entered the war to defend Belgium’s neutrality
• Had the least to gain from a war in Europe
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France
Napoleon III flanked by two of his ministers
• A republic• Many longed for glory
days of Napoleon Bonaparte’s empire
• Colonial power• Sought revenge
against Germany
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Russia
Russian nobles use serfs in a card game, 1854
• Tsar Nicholas II• Economy based
on serfdom• Struggle to industrialize
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Germany
• Otto von Bismarck unified the German states (1871)
• Kaiser Wilhelm II• No colonies• Leading industrial
power by 1900
“Bismarck content as colonial powers scramble”
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Ottoman Empire
• 1908: Western-style constitution
• Surrendered sovereignty for German help
• 1914: German influence in Ottoman foreign policy
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Austria-Hungary
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph
• Hapsburg Dynasty—an old and dying kingdom
• Numerous ethnicities• Provided the “explosion”
that led to the Great War