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The Holocaust
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Nuremberg Laws
• 1935 Nuremburg Laws strip Jews of civil rights– Jewish race is defined
through ancestry, not self-identity or religious practice
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Nuremburg Laws
• Jews are banned from owning land, publishing newspapers, serving in the military, marrying non-Jews, teaching, and practicing medicine or law
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Nuremburg Laws
• Nazis begin a boycott of Jewish businesses
• Businesses are marked with window signs, SS troops guard Jewish stores to discourage shoppers
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Nuremburg Laws
• Jews are forced to register with the government & receive identity cards
• All Jewish passports are stamped with red “J”s
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Nuremburg Laws
• German schools teach “Racial Hygiene” classes that spread myths about Jews
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The Final Solution
• Nazis plan to separate and exterminate Jewish Europeans
• Nov. 23, 1939 Jews are ordered to identify themselves by wearing the yellow Star of David at all times
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The Final Solution• Jews are stripped of
their homes and property and sent to live in ghettos in the major Polish cities – Ghettos are walled
off and Jews are permitted to leave only during prescribed times
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The Final Solution
• The Germans struggle with a way to rid Germany of “impure” elements so that a master race of Aryans can be created
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The Final Solution
• Killings start with mentally & physically handicapped patients in hospitals; forced sterilization and abortions are performed on those who aren’t killed
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The Final Solution
• Others deemed impure to the Aryan master race include:– Homosexuals– Communists– Catholics– Jehovah's Witnesses– Gypsies– Polish & Soviet
POWs
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Einsatzgruppen
• Units of 500-900 soldiers follow invading German troops and execute the Jewish population by gunfire – Approx. 1.5 million
Jews are executed– The slow pace and
mental toll on the soldiers requires a new method
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Gas Vans
• 1941 the Germans switch to massive box trucks where re-circulated exhaust kills Jews locked in the cargo hold
• The trucks are wasteful and unreliable and are put out of use when Chelmno, the 1st death camp opens at the end of 1941
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Concentration Camps
• Concentration camps provide a place to locate prisoners to be used as slave labor
• Factories are often built adjacent to the camps for prisoners to work in
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Concentration Camps
• Healthy are sorted from unhealthy (sick, elderly, children, etc.) upon arrival– Property & clothes
are taken– Prisoners are shaved– Dentists extract
gold/silver fillings
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Concentration Camps
• Healthy prisoners are housed in barracks and used for slave labor in nearby factories or on government projects
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Death Camps
• Jan. 1942 Wannasee Conference sets a goal of killing all 11 million European Jews
• Will then move on to other groups (i.e. 30 million Slavs) to make a pure Aryan Germany
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Death Camps
• Several death camps were constructed throughout eastern Europe, and industrialized models were used to quickly transport, destroy, and dispose of the Jewish population
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Death Camps
• Those too unhealthy or unable to work (elderly, children) are sent to gas chambers disguised as “showers”
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Death Camps
• The corpses are burnt in crematory built within the camps
• The ashes are used to make soap and other products for the camps or are dumped in pits and waterways
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Total Costs• Holocaust Dead:
– Jews – 6,000,000– Soviet POWs – 3,000,000– Polish Catholics – 3,000,000– Serbians – 700,000– Gypsies – 250,000– German Political Prisoners –
80,000– German Handicapped –
70,000– Homosexuals – 12,000– Jehovah’s Witnesses –
2,500• Total – 13.1 Million