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The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 1
The Human
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The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 2
• Human Major Senses:• The central senses:• 4 stages of human information
processing• Visual Perception(VP)• 2 approaches in explaining VP• The capabilities and limitation of
visual processing• Reading• Hearing• Others• Memory
– 3 types
• Thinking• Learning• Errors• Skill acquisition • Mental-models, knowledge
– importance
– structural and Functional models
• Metaphors – icons
• Conceptual Models• Cognitive Models• Social and Organizational
Aspects
Content
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Human Major Senses:
“human information processing”
• Vision• Hearing• Touch• Taste• Smell
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The central senses:
• Vision• Hearing• Touch
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4 stages of human information processing
Encoding Comparison Response selection Response execution
plus
The processes of attention and memory
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The perceptual system
• The mental apparatus that translates sensations of the physical world as detected by the body’s sensory system into internal representations in the mind.
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Visual Perception - use in design of visual interfaces
• Perceiving size and depth -visual angle, visual acuity• perceiving brightness - the amount of light emitted by
an object• Perceiving colour - hue, intensity and saturation
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2 approaches in explaining visual perception
The constructivist – perception involves the intervention of representation and memories
The ecological – perception is a direct process, information is simply detected rather than being constructed
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The capabilities and limitation of visual processing
• Visual processing involves the transformation and interpretation of image
• Our expectation is an important factor in what will be interprated
• Eg. Ambiguous shapes, Muller-Lyer, Ponzo, text• Perception - the process of becoming aware of
objects • representation - appearance of things
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How do you interpret figure a and b?
a
b
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Reading
• Steps of reading:
1) visual pattern perceived
2) decoded to an internal representation
3) syntactic and semantic analysis• Eye, jerky movements (saccades), fixation (during
which perception occurs)• Adults read 250 word/minute• Words are recognize as quickly as a single character• Capitalizing words will effect speed and accuracy
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RED
BLACK
YELLOW
BLUE
RED
GREEN
YELLOW
BLACK
BLUE
BLACK
RED
YELLOW
GREEN
BLUE
GREEN
ZYP
QLEKF
SUWRG
XCIDB
WOPR
ZYP
QLEKF
XCIDB
SUWRG
WOPR
SUWRG
ZYP
XCIDB
QLEKF
WOPR
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PadasuatuhariyanggelapAhmadtelahpergikepasarmalamuntukmembeliikanyuSampaiDipasarmalamitudiatidakdapatmenjumpaiikanyutetapitejumpadenganikanbilislalumembelinyadenganhatiyangriangria
PadasuatuhariyanggelapAhmadtelahpergikepasarmalamuntukmembeliikanyuSampaiDipasarmalamitudiatidakdapatmenjumpaiikanyutetapitejumpadenganikanbilislalumembelinyadenganhatiyangriangria.
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Hearing
• The human ear- outer ear (protect and amplify) processing sound
– middle ear (vibration occurs and transmit to inner ear)
– inner ear (send impulses to the auditory nerves)• We can determine what and where• 20 Hz<Frequency < 15 kHz
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Others
• Touch - hot, cold, feeling of action such as picking up a glass, pressing the keys on the keyboard– Important means of feedback
• Movement = reaction time + movement time– movement time depends on the physical abilities
( age, fitness)– reaction time (speed of senses)
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Memory
• Sensory - iconic, echoic and haptic memory• Short-term -scratch-pad for temporary recall
– 35*6– examples number sequence, chunking, meaning
• Long-term - episodic memory (events)– semantic memory (facts, concepts and skills)– remember, forgetting and retrieval
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3 types of memory
Sensory store – holds information for a very brief period of time (a few tenth of a second)
Short-term memory store - holds limited information for a short period of time (a few seconds)
Permanent long-term memory store - holds information indefinitely
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examples
• 2653976208
• 071 242 6378
• HEC ATR ANU PTH ETR EET
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347 901 331 7347 89
134 790 133 1734 789
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Thinking
• Reasoning - deductive, inductive and abductive• Problem-Solving
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examples
• If the light is on then the day is getting darker• The light is on• Therefore….
• Some people are criminals• Some criminals are murderers
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Statement: If a card has a vowel in one side it has an even number on the other.
Which card will you need to pick up to test the statement?
4 E 7 K
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examples
There are 8 glasses of water in the kitchen. You need to carry them to the dinner table in the dining room.
How would you go about doing the above task?
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Learning
• Learning by doing, like driving a car• Computer systems - manual, steps written in such a
way that make user feel overloaded• users use prior knowledge to use a new system• Errors • Skill acquisition
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Errors• 2 types:
– Mistakes:occur through conscious deliberation
– Slips:done unintentionally
• A captured error -frequent activity to intended action
• description error - action on wrong object
• data-driven error - external data interruption of action
• associative-activation error - internal thoughts interruption of action
• loss of activation error -forgetting something in the middle of action
• mode error -being in a state without knowing it
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Skill acquisition
• Declarative - facts about the world• Procedural - how we do things• inability to absorb and put into action declarative
instruction will lead to problems in learning how to use a system
• offer few options so declarative knowledge small• later on can use more complicated systems
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Mental-models, knowledge
• Knowledge - analogical, propositional, distributed • network of general knowledge - the schemata• Mental-models - the model people have of
themselves, others, the environment and the things with which they interact
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Why mental-models are important?To design interfaces that match user’s mental models
>> not easy since actual mental model experiments are difficult to find
What is the difference between images and mental models?
Analogy of a movie, the frame and the short snippets of a movie
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Structural and Functional models
• Structural - describes how devices and systems works
• Functional- describes how to use devices and systems
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Metaphors
• What are metaphors?
Descriptions of an abstract concept in a familiar form• Verbal, Interface metaphors
eg. Describing using the save and find files system in a word processor
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Icons
Resemblance- a Exemplar- b Symbolic- c Arbitrary- d
a b c d
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Conceptual model• A model of how human understand things around
them.
Cognitive model• A representation of some aspect of the mind,
involving the acquisition of knowledge (understanding, remembering, reasoning, learning)
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Traditional cognitive framework in HCI• Incomplete -individual user performing various tasks at
the interface in an inadequate conceptual framework.
More practical view of the cognitive framework
• The design of real systems for real people to carry out real work activities in real organizational settings.
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2 approaches in cognitive psychology describing the activity of the brain
• Computational approaches – conceptualize the cognitive system in terms of goals, planning and action involve in task performance
• Connectionist approaches – simulate behaviour through using programming models
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Distributed cognition• A theory whose goal is to provide an explanation that
goes beyond the individual.
In distributed cognition“functional systems”is
The collection of actors Computer systems and technology The environmental setting
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Social and OrganizationalAspects
• Group commnunications:– face-to-face, multi-party conversations– computer-mediated multi-party communication
• constraints such as the images and sound that can be transmitted across the communication line
• appearance of users• Organization- paperles, automated office, electronic
cottage, global village