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The Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Requirement for Broilers and
Broiler Breeders
Queretaro Mexico
Dr. Craig N. CoonPoultry Science Department,
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
Email:[email protected]
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PROTEIN COSTS
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ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS
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HEAT STRESS
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Minimize Uric Acid Production
in Broilers, Pullets, Layers, and
Breeders
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Each Mole of Uric Acid Requires
Approximately 3.75 ATP’s of
Metabolic Energy
Process is Less
Efficient Than Mammals
Producing
Urea
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Utilize Digestible Amino Acids
for Feed Formulations
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ILEAL DIGESTIBLE AMINO
ACIDS
Bryden and Li, 2004
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Utilize Ideal Amino Acid Profile
for Formulating Amino Acid
Requirements
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An Ideal Amino Acid Profile is not a
Quantitative Value but is the
Optimum Relationship of Amino
Acids Compared to Each Other
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Dietary Ideal Amino Acid
Profile for BW and FCR
Similar to Carcass Amino Acid
Profile
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Ideal Amino Acid Profile
Digestible Amino Acid Starter Feed Grower Feed Finisher Feed
Lysine 100 100 100
Methionine + Cystine 74 76 78
Methionine 37 38 39
Threonine 65 66 67
Valine 75 76 77
iso-Leucine 67 68 69
Arginine 103 104 105
Tryptophan 16 16 16
Starter D. Lys:1.27%, Grower D. Lys: 1.10%, Finisher D.
Lys:0.97%
Slight changes to amino acid ratios based on field studies
and revision of literature.
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Hubbard Classic
Ideal Protein Profile
AGE(D) 0/14 15/35 35 + LYS 100 100 100 TSAA 74 78 82 MET 41 43 45 THR 66 68 70 TRP 16 17 18 ARG 105 107 109 VAL 76 77 78 ILE 66 67 68 LEU 107 109 111 D. LYS,% 1.23 1.06 0.90
Hubbard, 2008
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IDEAL AMINO ACID
CONCENTRATION
• Modern broiler genotypes respond to ideal
protein in the diet in a linear manner,
Wijtten et al., (2004a); Plumstead et al.,
(2005).
• The decision that needs to be taken is
what level leads to maximum returns.
• Protein nutrition may impact on the lifetime
performance of the chick, Wijtten et al.,
(2004b)
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Ideal Protein and Return and economic
return (After Wijtten et al., 2004)
y = -0.0022x2 + 0.046x + 1.1542
R2 = 1
y = 0.0054x2 - 0.0896x + 1.9623
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
9 10 11 12 13 14
Lysine (g/kg)
kg
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
kg
/kg
Gain FCR Poly. (Gain) Poly. (FCR)
Kleyn, 2005, Arkansas Nutrition Conference
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Amino Acid Requirements may
be different for weight gain,
FCR, breast meat yield, and fat
deposition
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Amino Acid Requirements
Order of Use
• Maintenance Lowest Req.
• Feather Growth and Development
• Weight Gain
• Breast Meat Yield = Feed Conversion
Ratio
• Abdominal Fat Reduction Highest Req.
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Nutrient Density
Nutrient requirements - expressed as “ nutrient per unit of energy in the diet”.
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Calorie:Protein ratios
– There is some doubt as to validity with
modern high yielding strains
– Still used quite often as a basic tool
• Narrower the ratio, the higher the protein level
is in relation to energy
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Ross 308
g Dig AA/1000 kcal MEAGE(D) 0-10 11-24 25 + CP,% 23.5 22 21
ME,kcal/kg 3025 3150 3200 D.TRP .661 .571 .500
D.SAA 3.107 2.667 2.375
D.LYS 4.198 3.492 3.031
D.THR 2.744 2.318 2.031
D.ARG 4.331 3.619 3.188
D.VAL 3.140 2.667 2.344
ME/CP 129 143.2 152.3
Aviagen, 2008
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Hubbard Classic
g Dig AA/1000 kcal MEAGE(D) 0-10 11-26 26 + CP,% 23.0 21 19
ME,kcal/kg 3025 3075 3175 D.TRP .647 .611 .561
D.SAA 2.735 2.619 2.463
D.LYS 3.577 3.385 3.127
D.THR 2.365 2.249 2.093
D.ARG 4.061 3.856 3.580
D.VAL 2.830 2.683 2.486
ME/CP 132 146 167
Hubbard, 2008
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Response to nutrient density
(After Saleh et al., 2004)
y = 5E-05x2 - 0.0153x + 1.8353
R2 = 0.9609
y = -0.0019x2 + 0.0305x + 2.0853
R2 = 0.8898
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.8
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.0
1376 1393 1411 1429 1447 1464 1483 1500 1518 1536
ME Kcal/lb
lbs
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
lb/l
b
Weight FCR Poly. (FCR) Poly. (Weight)
Kleyn, 2005, Arkansas Nutrition Conference
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With High Feed Energy Costs
Can We Feed Lower
Concentrations of Amino
Acids with Low Energy Diets
for Modern Broiler Strains?
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Weight gain of 21 day old broilers fed increasing
balanced protein to energy ratios with different ME
levels
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Dig. Lys:ME, g/Mcal
Weig
ht
gain
,g
3000 kcal ME/kg
3100 kcal ME/kg
3200 kcal ME/kg
Bellaver et al., 2002
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Weight gain of 21 d old broilers fed BP with 3 ME levels
700
720
740
760
780
800
820
840
860
3 3.5 4 4.5
Dig. Lys:ME,g/Mcal
Weig
ht
gain
,g
3000 kcal ME/kg
3100 kcal ME/kg
3200 kcal ME/kg
Plumstead,2005
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Weight gain of 14-35 d broilers fed BP with 3 ME
levels
1650
1670
1690
1710
1730
1750
1770
3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
Dig.Lys:ME,g/Mcal
Weig
ht
gain
,g
3100 kcal ME/kg
3240 kcal ME/kg
3380 kcal ME/kg
Lemme et al., 2003
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Feed intake of 14-35 d broilers fed BP with 3 ME levels
2550
2600
2650
2700
2750
2800
2850
2900
3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
Dig.Lys:ME,g/Mcal
Feed
in
take,g
3100 kcal ME/kg
3240 kcal ME/kg
3380 kcal ME/kg
Lemme et al., 2003
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AGRI-STATS AVERAGE 1997
NUTRIENT SPECS-BROILERSAGE(D) 0-14 14-35 35-42 42-56CP,% 22 20 18 16
ME,kcal 3085 3162 3240 3305
MET,% .58 .54 .47 .49
SAA,% .93 .87 .77 .75
LYS,% 1.24 1.10 .97 .90
THR,% .84 .75 .70 .66
NPP,% .45 .40 .35 .30
Ca,% 1.0 .9 .8 .8
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AGRI-STATS AVERAGE 2007
NUTRIENT SPECS-BROILERSAGE(D) 0-18 18-36 36-46 46-55 CP,% 22 20 18 17
ME,kcal 3058 3128 3181 3203
TRP,% .26 .23 .19 .18
SAA,% .98 .91 .81 .78
LYS,% 1.32 1.18 1.02 .97
THR,% .90 .81 .70 .68
NPP,% .45 .41 .36 .33
Ca,% .92 .84 .77 .74
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NUTRIENT SPECS-
BROILERS, Feedstuffs 2009AGE(D) 0-16 17-28 29-41 42+ CP,% 22 20 18 16
ME,kcal 3050 3100 3150 3200 D.TRP,% .20 .18 .16 .14
D.SAA,% .86 .78 .72 .70
D.LYS,% 1.22 1.15 1.00 .95
D.THR,% .74 .72 .65 .60
D.ARG,% 1.35 1.25 1.10 1.00
NPP,% .45 .41 .38 .36
Ca,% .95 .92 .89 .85
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Ross 308 Straight Run-1.9 kgs
Nutrient Starter Grower Finisher
CP, % 22-25 21-23 19-23
ME, kcal/kg
3025 3150 3200
D.Lys,% 1.27 1.10 0.97
D.M+C, % 0.94 0.84 0.76
Ca, % 1.05 0.90 0.85
AvP, % 0.50 0.45 0.42
Days Fed 10 14 12
Aviagen, 2008
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Hubbard Classic
Straight Run-1.5 kgs
Nutrient Starter Grower Finisher
CP, % 22-24 20-22 18-20
ME, kcal/kg
3000-3050
3050-3100
3150-3200
D.Lys,% 1.23 1.06 0.90
D.M+C, % 0.90 0.85 0.78
Ca, % 1.0-1.05 1.0-1.05 0.85-0.90
AvP, % 0.50 0.45 0.40
Days Fed 10 16 8
Hubbard Classic, 2008
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Cobb 500
Straight RunNutrient Starter Grower Finish 1 Finish 2
CP, % 21 19 18 17
ME, kcal/kg 2988 3083 3176 3176
D.Lys,% 1.08 0.99 0.95 0.90
D.M+C, % 0.80 0.75 0.74 0.70
Ca, % 1.0 0.96 0.90 0.85
AvP, % 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.42
Days Fed 0-10 11-22 23-42 42+
Cobb 500, 2008
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Aviagen Strategies
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Consider………..Requirements versus
Economic Decision.
Nutrient 0 to 3
weeks
3 to 6
weeks
6 to 8
weeks
Energy
(kcals/kg)
3200 3200 3200
Crude
protein
23.0 20.0 18.0
Lysine 1.1 1.0 0.85
Nutrient 0 to 10
days
11 to 24
days
25 -
slaughter
Energy
(kcals/kg)
3025 3150 3200
Crude
protein
22-25 21-23 19-23
Lysine 1.43 1.24 1.09
NRC 1994 Requirements Ross 308 2007 recommendations
Depends on local conditions and market!
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Response of the Ross 308 Broiler to Balanced
Protein Density – Liveweight and 2kg FCRa
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
76 82 90 99 111 123
Balanced Protein (relative to Manual)
Ross 308 males
Ross 308 females
1.4
1.45
1.5
1.55
1.6
1.65
1.7
1.75
1.8
1.85
1.9
76 82 90 99 111 123
Balanced Protein (relative to Manual)
Ross 308 males
Ross 308 females
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Economic Response of the Ross 308 Broiler
to Balanced Protein: Farm Margin (2 kg)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
76 82 90 99 111 123
Balanced Protein (relative to Manual)
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14
15
16
17
18
19
76 82 90 99 111 123
Balanced Protein (relative to Manual)
Ross 308 males
Ross 308 females
Response of the Ross 308 Broiler to Balanced
Protein Density – 2kg Breast Meat%
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Ross broiler response: Economics
Processing Margin (2 kg)
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
76 82 90 99 111 123
Balanced Protein (relative to Manual)
Ross 308 males
Ross 308 females
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Comparison of Ross 308 Digestible Lysine Levels: 2002 and 2007
Recommendations
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58
Age
Dig
es
tib
le L
ys
ine
2007 2002
Starter Grower Finisher
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Conclusions
• The modern broiler is very responsive to A
RANGE of balance protein densities.
• The OPTIMUM ECONOMIC response is
close to standards and higher for portions
• The choice of balance protein is an
economic decision as opposed to a
definite requirement.
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Region Starter Grower Finisher Finisher 2
New 3025 3150 3200 3225
Energy Densities
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Overview
• High corn and fat prices stimulated interest in
lowering dietary energy
• Soy prices have also increased (economics?)
• How do Aviagen birds respond to such changes
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Comparative Energy Levels
2900
2950
3000
3050
3100
3150
3200
3250
3300
0 10 20 30 40 50
Age
ME
kc
al/
kg
Agristats 2005
New Aviagen Guide
Aviagen Energy Trials
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Aviagen Energy Trials 2007
Breed Energy Cereal Energy reduction
Thailand
BARC
Arbor Acres, 100%, 95%, 90%
Good + Poor physical feed
Maize Less added oil
Rice bran
Eaglesfield
UK
Ross 308 100%; 97.5%; 95%; 92.5%;
90%; 87,5%
Wheat Less added oil
Wheatfeed
Albertville
US
Ross 308
Ross 708
100%, 97.5%, 95%, 92.5% Maize Less added oil
Wheatfeed
Eaglesfield
UK
Ross 308
Ross 708
100%, 95%
Good + Poor physical feed
Maize Less added oil
Wheatfeed
Albertville
US
Ross 308 100%, 97.5%, 95%, 92.5% Maize Less added oil
Wheatfeed
Albertville
US
Ross 308 100%, 97.5%, 95%, 92.5%
Mash –vs- Crumble/Pellet
Maize Less added oil
Wheatfeed
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Diets
Starter Grower
(100%)
Grower
(92.5%)
Finisher
(100%)
Finisher
(92.5%)
With-
draw
(100%)
With-
draw
(92.5%)
Common High Low High Low High Low
ME
(kcal/kg)3050 3150 2920 3200 2960 3225 2985
Dig Lys 1.27 1.10 1.10 0.97 0.97 0.94 0.94
Dig M+C 0.96 0.84 0.84 0.76 0.76 0.73 0.73
Dig Thr 0.84 0.73 0.73 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.64
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34 day Feed intake - males
3571
3867
3761
3833
3912 3916
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%
SEM: 49.2
34 day Feed intake - females
3134
3229
3296
33713388
3421
3000
3050
3100
3150
3200
3250
3300
3350
3400
3450
100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%
P-value
Sex 0.000
Feed 0.000
Sex * Feed 0.561
+5%
+8%
+5%
+10%
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34 day liveweight - males
2165
2376
2313
2288 2294
2261
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
2300
2350
2400
100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%
SEM: 25.4
P-value
Sex 0.00
Feed 0.00
Sex * Feed 0.04
34 day liveweight - females
1914
1972
1962 1962
1937
1903
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%
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2 kg FCR (mort corr) - females
1.6511.641
1.686
1.725
1.765
1.818
1.55
1.6
1.65
1.7
1.75
1.8
1.85
100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%2 kg FCR (mort corr) - males
1.617
1.553 1.557
1.606
1.638
1.667
1.48
1.5
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58
1.6
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68
100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%
P-value
Sex 0.000
Feed 0.000
Sex * Feed 0.000
SEM: 0.014
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2.5 kg EVIS females
68.2
68.4 68.4
68.6
68.768.7
67.0
67.2
67.4
67.6
67.8
68.0
68.2
68.4
68.6
68.8
69.0
100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%
Ross 308
2.5 kg EVIS - males
67.1
67.2
67.4
67.267.2
67.4
66.0
66.2
66.4
66.6
66.8
67.0
67.2
67.4
67.6
100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%
Ross 308
P-value
Sex 0.000
Feed 0.245
Sex * Feed 0.444
SEM: 0.27
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2.5 kg Breast females
17.9
18.4
18.6
19.018.9
19.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8
18.0
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8
19.0
19.2
100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%
Ross 308
2.5 kg Breast - males
17.0
18.0
18.6
18.418.3
18.5
16.6
17.1
17.6
18.1
18.6
19.1
100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%
Ross 308
P-value
Sex 0.000
Feed 0.000
Sex * Feed 0.953
SEM: 0.18
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2.5 kg Ab Fat females2.0
1.7 1.71.7
1.61.6
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%
Ross 308
2.5 kg Ab Fat - males
1.4
1.8
1.1
1.11.1
1.0
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%
Ross 308
P-value
Sex 0.000
Feed 0.000
Sex * Feed 0.817
SEM: 0.18
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Energy Responses – 2kg Ross Broilers
For every 1 % reduction in energy:
FCR is increased by;
0.8 point for males
1.4 point for females
Eviscerated weight is increased by:
1 gram for males
0.6 gram for females
Breast weight is increased by:
1 gram for males
0.9 gram for females
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Energy:Amino Acids
Is Energy:Amino Acid ratio really important?
As long as there is adequate compensation in feed
intake then liveweight in unaffected (-5% reduction).
FCR is effected. Ratio becomes an economic decision!
Processing performance – not compromised!
It’s an economic decision – not a prerequisite!
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Summary of Low ME Results
• Birds compensate for lower energy by increasing feed intake to a point – if feed form allows it
• Reduced energy results in less efficient FCR
• Reduced energy does not dramatically affect BW when decent pellets are being fed
• Yield may be improved by slightly reduced energy when amino acid levels are maintained
• The cost of producing a decent pellet is easily recovered in bird performance
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Feed Phase #1 Phase #2 Phase #3 Phase #4
Age Fed, days 0-10 11-28 29-35 36-42
Two Levels of AMEn, kcal/kg*
Low ME 2800 2850 2900 2950
High ME 2900 2950 3000 3050
Four Levels of AA (Standardized Ilea Digestible Lysine), %
110% AA 1.40 1.19 1.08 0.94
100% AA** 1.27 1.08 0.98 0.85
94% AA 1.19 1.02 0.92 0.80
88% AA 1.12 0.95 0.86 0.75
**Recommendations for Ross 308
* AMEn of corn = 3,130 kcal/kg (INRA, 2002). ME vs MEn
Trial #1: Impact of AA & ME Levels
on Performance of Ross 308 Males
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Impact of AA & ME Levels on
Performance
- a broiler trial by Ajinomoto
ThailandResults: Live Body Weight
Day 0 Day 10 Day 28 Day 35 Day 42
Impact of ME levels
High ME 45 278a 1360 1974 2624
Low ME 45 284b 1385 2002 2647
Impact of AA levels
Very Hi AA 45 285a 1439a 2084a 2759a
Hi AA 45 284a 1412ab 2045ab 2694ab
Mid AA 45 281a 1352bc 1972b 2615b
Low AA 45 272b 1286c 1850c 2473c
286 g
ram
s
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Impact of AA & ME Levels on
Performance
- a broiler trial by Ajinomoto
ThailandResults: FCR
Day 10 Day 28 Day 35 Day 42
Impact of ME levels
High ME 1.136 1.487 1.620a 1.812a
Low ME 1.153 1.521 1.658b 1.857b
Impact of AA levels
Very Hi AA 1.100a 1.427a 1.572a 1.775a
Hi AA 1.132b 1.446a 1.588a 1.801a
Mid AA 1.144b 1.510b 1.648b 1.836b
Low AA 1.204c 1.633c 1.747c 1.926c
Mortality and cull = 3.32%, not different among treatments
15 p
oin
ts4.5
poin
ts
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Cobb-Vantress
Strategies
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World Tech Support
Broiler Feeding Objectives
• Diets which optimize growth rate and FCR
– Promote higher live wt., low FCR, may see
increased metabolic problems
• Diets which promote lean gain over lipid gain
– Lean mass is produced more economically
• Diets which result in the least cost/live weight
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World Tech Support
Maximum Growth and FCR
Starter Grower Finisher
Protein 22.5 20.0 19.0
Lys,total 1.35 1.20 1.10
Lys,dig. 1.17 1.04 .96
TSAA .99 .94 .90
TSAA,dig. .87 .81 .78
Threonine .89 .82 .75
Calcium .90 .88 .84
Av. P .45 .42 .40
Sodium .20 .17 .16
ME,MJ/kg 13.28 13.39 13.60
ME,kcal/kg 3150 3200 3250
Cal:Prot 140 160 171
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World Tech Support
MAXIMUM YIELD
Starter Grower Finisher
Protein 22.0 20.5 19.0
Lys,total 1.30 1.17 1.09
Lys,dig. 1.13 1.02 .95
TSAA .96 .91 .89
TSAA,dig. .84 .80 .78
Threonine .86 .80 .76
Calcium .90 .88 .84
Av. P .45 .42 .40
Sodium .20 .17 .16
ME,MJ/kg 12.59 13.01 13.38
ME,kcal/kg 3009 3109 3197
Cal:Prot 137 152 168
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Reduced Feed Cost
Starter Grower Finisher
Protein 21.0 19.0 17.5
Lys,total 1.20 1.10 1.00
Lys,dig. 1.04 0.96 .87
TSAA .89 .86 .82
TSAA,dig. .77 .75 .71
Threonine .79 .75 .70
Calcium .90 .88 .84
Av. P .45 .42 .40
Sodium .20 .17 .16
ME,MJ/kg 12.45 12.70 13.20
ME,kcal/kg 2976 3035 3155
Cal:Prot 142 160 180
World Tech Support
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World Tech Support
Cost and Efficiency (EEI)
Rank Cost/lb. Weight Age Livability FCR EEI
1 25.15 2742 49 97.02 1.75 310
2 25.39 2692 49 96.31 1.96 270
3 25.51 2788 50 96.17 1.90 282
4 25.66 2633 49 95.74 1.96 262
5 25.89 2838 52 95.45 1.99 262
6 25.94 2933 49 94.66 1.93 294
7 26.22 2742 53 95.51 2.00 247
8 26.27 2592 51 95.41 1.97 246
9 26.4 2615 50 95.07 1.98 251
10 26.44 2892 52 95.58 1.99 267
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US Statistical Service 2/04
Efficiency (EEI) vs. Cost
Cost Rank Cost/lb. Weight Age Livability FCR EEI
1 25.15 2742 49 97.02 1.75 310
6 25.94 2933 49 94.66 1.93 294
29 35.54 2574 44 95.86 1.93 288
18 27.13 2538 47 96.11 1.84 282
3 25.51 2788 50 96.17 1.90 282
23 27.88 2470 45 96.65 1.90 282
28 30.02 2406 44 95.39 1.91 274
2 25.39 2692 49 96.31 1.96 270
22 27.65 2397 46 95.63 1.86 269
21 27.48 2797 51 95.80 1.96 268
World Tech Support
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Protein and Amino Acid Requirements for
Breeder Hens
• Are we feeding breeder hens enough quality
protein and amino acids for maximum
production?
• Are we feeding breeder hens too much
protein and amino acids for optimum
fertility and persistency of lay?
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ARKANSAS BROILER
BREEDER STUDIES
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Broiler Breeder AA
MaintenanceAA mg/b/d mg/kg
cp
mg/kg
bw,75
Ratio
Lys 175.0 333.3 94.2 100.0
Met 99.2 188.3 56.5 56.7
Cys 30.5 75.4 17.0 17.4
TSAA 129.7 263.7 73.5 74.1
Arg 314.4 601.3 173.1 179.6
Thr 242.5 447.7 130.6 138.6
Trp 20.5 35.7 10.7 11.7
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AA mg/b/d mg/kg
CP
mg/kg
bw.75
Ratio
Phe 328.8 575.1 163.9 187.9
Tyr 65.9 175.6 37.2 37.6
Phe+Tyr 394.7 750.7 201.1 225.7
Leu 204.8 400.5 117.1 117.0
Ile 159.0 318.9 92.4 90.8
Val 199.4 336.7 106.3 113.9
His 74.2 139.6 43.6 42.4
NEA 2414.4 6141.2.6 1301.2.2 1379.6
Broiler Breeder Ideal AA
Maintenance
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Amino Acid
Univ. of Arkansas 2006 Univ. of Arkansas 2004 Fisher
(1998)
NRC
(1994)“Product” (mg/bird/day)
Feed/
“Product” (mg/bird/day)
“Product” (mg/bird/day)
Feed/
“Product” (mg/bird/day)
Crude Protein 19880 18927 19500
Arginine 1002 1002 1059 1022 803 1110
Isoleucine 828 816 844 828 598 850
Lysine 855 847 888 899 893 765
Methionine 455 435 427 476 372 450
Cystine 457 468
Phenylalanine 643 667 610
Threonine 620 613 558 720
Tryptophan 244 243 186 190
Valine 790 786 693 750
Digestible Amino Acid Requirements at Peak Production
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Amino Acid Maintenance
Production
Req. for EM *
Minus
Maintenance
Production
Req. for EM
+ ΔBW**
Minus
Maintenance
Total Req.
for EM
Total Req. for
EM +ΔBW
Fisher
(1998)
Available
NRC
(1994)
Total
mg/bird/day
Crude Protein 5852 13502 19354 19500
Arginine 314 753 708 1067 1022 803 1110
Histidine 74 302 205
Isoleucine 159 689 669 848 828 598 850
Leucine 205 988 1250
Lysine 168 710 721 878 889 893 765
Methionine 91 340 345 431 436 372 450
Cystine 31 395 437 426 468
Met + Cys 621 700
Phenylalanine 224 475 699
Tyrosine 66
Phe + Tyr 1032 1112
Threonine 243 399 370 642 613 558 720
Tryptophan 21 191 222 212 243 186 190
Valine 199 575 587 774 786 693 750
Non-essential AA 4057 7690 11747
Essential: Non
Essential AA Ratio31:69 43:57 39:61
Digestible Amino Acid Requirements at Peak Production
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Broiler Breeder Ideal AA Profile
AA RATIO
LYS 100
ARG 117
MET 53
CYS 53
ILE 97
VAL 92
PHE 78
TRP 29
THR 73
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Digestible Isoleucine Requirement
for Fertility
R2 = 0.9174 (black dot)
y = -125.46x2 + 64.641x + 85.334
R2 = 0.274 (diamond)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
% Digestible Ile
% F
ert
ilit
y
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Effect of Days after AI on Fertility
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday
Low Isoleucine High Isoleucine
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday
Low Lysine High Lysine
Isoleucine Lysine
•Are these effects due to more suitable environment for sperm
storage?
•Both Isoleucine and Lysine are ketogenic
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Urine pH of Colostomized Breeders
Low Isoleucine Diet
300 mg/bird/d
Standard Isoleucine Diet
800 mg/bird/d
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Application of using an ideal amino
acid profile
• Crude protein levels in poultry diets are
formulated to provide most of the amino acid
requirements because most synthetic amino
acids are not economical.
• Decreasing CP and supplying amino acids to
required levels will cause decrease in nitrogen
excreta content.
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Application of using an ideal amino
acid profile
• 1% decrease in CP of diet, 10 % decrease in
N of excreta (Yamazaki et al., 1996).
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Acknowledgements
• Dr Marc De Beer, Aviagen, Inc., USA
• Dr. John Halley, Cobb-Vantress,
Inc.,USA
• Dr. Paul Timmins, Heartland
Ajinomoto,USA
• Z. Jiang, S. Boonyoung, and N. Sriperm
Ajinomoto Co., (Thailand) Ltd
Bangkok, Thailand