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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
The Importance & Sensitivity of
Electricity Costs in LOE
B E N J A M I N R . C O O K , P H DE N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
E N E R G Y M B A P R O G R A MU N I V E R S I T Y O F W Y O M I N G
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Dynamic Energy Environment
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Connection to the Oil Patch
Major Component of Lifting Costs
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Rates, Regulation & Defection
Rates Increase
Low Cost Alternatives
(DER, CHP)
Grid Defection
Lower Grid Demand & Sales
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
“Perfect Storm”
“Basin Electric will increase its rates by around 12.3 percent in August…due to declining sales and higher costs across the nine states it services.
‘Basin Electric has essentially encountered the perfect storm’…low commodity prices across energy and agriculture; diminished member sales and low market prices stemming from an unusually mild winter and increased production capacity from wind generators; capital expenditures to support regional growth; and compliance with environmental regulations for more emission controls.”
Source: Sundance Times, July 22, 2016http://sundancetimes.com/economic-troubles-lead-to-rate-increase-for-precorp/
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
EIA Industrial Rates by State
2¢
3¢
4¢
5¢
6¢
7¢
8¢
9¢
10¢
11¢
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
AVG. INDUSTRIAL PRICE OF ELECTRICITY(2001 to Mid-2016)
Colorado New Mexico Oklahoma Texas Wyoming North Dakota Linear (Wyoming)
WY Rates CAGR of 6.8% since 2008
WY No Longer the “Low Cost” State Compared to
Energy Peers
3 Cents to 7 Cents133% Increase in Power Cost as Oil Cut is Falling
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
$7.73
$11.32
$5.87
$3.34
$6.63
$0
$2
$4
$6
$8
$10
$12
$14
$16
$18
94.0%
95.0%
96.0%
97.0%
98.0%
99.0%
100.0%
1 2 3 4 5
Electric C
ost ($
/bb
l)W
ate
r C
ut
Regional Operator Portfolio
Regional WY Cross-Section Electric Costs per BBLObservations in 2011 & 2012
Prodn WtdAvg Water Cut Prodn WtdAvg Electric Cost per Barrel
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Electricity Cost Impact on Oil
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
WY Electric Utilities98.2% of WY oil production is served by 5 electric utilities: Rocky Mountain Power, Power River Electric, High Plains Power, High West Energy, and Niobrara Electric.
Electric Provider ~ WY Oil Prodn 2015 ~Share of 2015 Production
Beartooth Electric 47,722 0.11%
Big Horn REC 276,292 0.63%
Bridger Value Electric 243,192 0.56%
Cheyenne LFP 53,471 0.12%
Carbon Power 117,638 0.27%
High Plains Power 3,959,762 9.07%
High West Energy 1,596,480 3.66%
Niobrara Electric 1,308,649 3.00%
Power River Electric 15,008,741 34.36%
Rocky Mountain Power 21,028,022 48.15%
Yampa Value EA 35,654 0.08%
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Attempt to Estimate $/bbl-oil
Estimates for Lifting Horsepower
Three different approaches calculated for over 600 Wyoming oil fields.
The two closest horsepower estimates were averaged to arrive at a single
point estimate for lift and injection horsepower.
Electricity Usage
We assume that pumping/injecting HP was 97% of field electric use.
Annual kWhs = HP x 0.746 (kW/HP) x 8760 (hours/year)/ 0.97
Peak Demand and Tariffs
We assumed Peak KW was 15% higher than the estimated KW load.
Each field was matched with the appropriate Utility and Tariff schedule
based on location and power rating.
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Oregon Basin Example 179 Injectors, 250 ESP Wells, 60 Rod Wells
Average Depth = 3,723 feet
Average 744,804 BPD Fluid Production, 655,158 BPD Injection
HP Estimates
Bob’s Method = 29,309 HP
Regress Method = 51,437 HP
Check Method = 48,428 HP
Point Estimate = 49,933 HP Annual kWhs = 336,399,632
Rocky Mountain Power Tariff
Est. Monthly Bill = $1,451,405
Est. Cents/kWh = 5.18
$/bbl-oil = $7.98
$/boe = $0.96
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
WY Map $/boe
Bonanza Field~$20.26/boe
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Utility Summary
Utility 2015 Oil $/bbl-oil $/boe cents/kWh
Beartooth Electric 47,722 $15.58 $0.25 11.60
Big Horn REC 276,292 $8.85 $5.66 8.00
Bridger Value Electric 243,192 $6.63 $0.08 6.00
Cheyenne LFP 53,471 $3.31 $1.74 10.50
Carbon Power 117,638 $9.07 $7.02 10.90
High Plains Power 3,959,762 $6.73 $4.45 5.70
High West 1,596,480 $1.43 $0.40 9.10
Niobrara EA 1,308,649 $4.50 $1.21 12.20
Power River Electric 15,008,741 $1.89 $1.25 7.80
Rocky Mountain Power 21,028,022 $3.81 $1.13 7.60
Yampa Value EA 35,654 $3.22 $0.21 9.80
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Life of a WY Well
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Life of a WY Well
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
What if Utility Dropped the Rate?
• Assume that the oil operator was somehow able to negotiate for a lower electric rate on this well rather than shut-in?
‒ “Ceteris Paribus” -> flat oil prices & $18 electric cost shut down.
Rate
Schedule
Additional
Prod. Months
Additional Oil
Produced
(bbls)
Additional Energy
Used (MWhs)
Additional Electric
Payments
EIA Rates… - 0 0 0
then 6 cents 10 5,765 1,639 $98,000
then 5 cents 28 14,788 4,589 $229,000
then 4 cents 51 24,179 8,360 $334,000
then 3 cents 79 33,037 12,950 $388,000
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
What about NG Generators?
• Comparative Economics of Grid vs NG Generators
‒ “Is grid-based line power still the lowest cost source of electricity for new oil developments in light of decreased leasing rates for natural gas reciprocating generators?”
• Especially for Greenfields….Right-of-Ways, Distribution Lines, Maintenance, Transmission Upgrades
• http://bit.ly/genvgrid
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Six States
• Assembled data on 93 counties
‒ Production Type Curves
‒ Tariffs for 40 Different Utilities
‒ Terrain and Labor Cost Characterization for Line Power Construction Costs
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Load Scenarios
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Normalized Grid
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Line Construction & Tariffs
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Genset Costs
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Example Output
$0
$100,000
$200,000
$300,000
$400,000
$500,000
$600,000
$700,000
$800,000
$0.00
$0.05
$0.10
$0.15
$0.20
$0.25
$0.30
$0.35
$0.40
$0.45
$0.50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Line o
r Gen
set Co
sts ($)En
ergy
Co
st (
$/kW
h)
Project Year
Utility Grid Distribution vs NG GensetsDistribution O&M+ROW ($/year) Distribution CAPEX ($/year)Grid Utility Distribution ($/kWh) NG Genset Cost ($/kWh)Avg Grid Power Cost ($/kWh) Avg NG Generator Cost ($/kWh)Series8 Genset Costs ($/year)
• Colorado DJ/Niobrara
‒ 5-Mile Distribution Trunk
‒ 25 Pads w/2 Wells Each
‒ ½ Mile Spacing
‒ Pad Starts Every 4 Months
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Example Output
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
ScenariosAssumption Scenarios
Average Well pad Spacing (feet) 1320’, 2640’, 5280’, 7920’
Grid Trunk Line Length (miles) 0, 5, 10, 15, 20
Well Pads and Total Wells
5 pads (1 well each), 5 total
15 pads (1 well each), 15 total
25 pads (1 well each), 25 total
20 pads (2 wells each), 40 total
25 pads (2 wells each), 50 total
25 pads (3 wells each), 75 total
Genset Pricing (schedules) Low, Average, High, Peak
Opportunity Cost of Fuel ($/Mcf) $0.00, $1.00
Decline Curves Area Basin Average Only
Field Expansion Case No Trunk & No Main Feeder Line
Infill Drilling/Existing LinesNo Trunk, No Main Feeder,
No Extension Lines Required.
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Results• ~170,000 unique scenarios outcomes
across counties and associated utilities
• NG Gensets have a cost advantage in 66% of cases.
• If you exclude the Infill Drilling cases gensets are favored in 80% or more of cases considered.
• Closer spacing, more wells, and higher production type curves shift advantage to the grid.
• Greenfields, trunk distance, larger spacing, fewer wells, and lower production type curves favor gensets.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
-25.
0
-23.
0
-21.
0
-19.
0
-17.
0
-15.
0
-13.
0
-11.
0
-9.0
-7.0
-5.0
-3.0
-1.0 1.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
9.0
11.0
13.0
15.0
17.0
19.0
21.0
23.0
25.0
27.0
29.0
Freq
uenc
y
Generator Cost Advantage (cents/kWh)
Field Expansion Genset Advantage Frequency
Grid Advantage (21%) NG Genset Advantage (79%)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
-25.
0
-23.
0
-21.
0
-19.
0
-17.
0
-15.
0
-13.
0
-11.
0
-9.0
-7.0
-5.0
-3.0
-1.0 1.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
9.0
11.0
13.0
15.0
17.0
19.0
21.0
23.0
25.0
27.0
29.0
Freq
uen
cy
Generator Cost Advantage (cents/kWh)
Infill Drilling Genset Advantage Frequency
Grid Advantage (45%) NG Genset Advantage (55%)
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Questions?
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Results
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
Consider a Pretty WY Oil Well
• A production weighted average WY oil well in July 2016 would be one producing 114 bpd of 35 deg. API oil and 604 bpd of water at a depth of 7,966’
– Would require 39,000 – 54,000 kWhs per month
– 468,000 – 648,000 kWhs per year
– Average U.S. home in 2014 using 10,932 kWhs per year.
– This well uses the equivalent power of 43 – 59 homes
– 9,950 wells ~= New Hampshire
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E N H A N C E D O I L R E C O V E R Y I N S T I T U T E
…and the Cost $/bbl
• According to EIA.gov the average industrial rate in WY for July 2016 was around 7 cents per kilowatt-hour.
– Well electricity of $2,700 - $3,780 per month
– Average of $39,060 per year
– WY average worker pay in 2014 was $46,500
– At 16% oil, 84% water the electricity only comes out to about $1/bbl-oil
– 25% of WY oil fields, including 12 of the top 30 are 95% water-cut or more
– In these cases, the electric costs may be $2.70 - $14.60 or more per bbl