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The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolution1750-19151750-1915
Turning Point in History- Shift from villages, cottages, farming,
natural time scheduling, self-sufficient living to cities, apartments, manufacturing, 24
hour a day scheduling, specialization.- Everything changes!!! – This is the 2nd and last biggest change in the history of man!
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New Agricultural RevolutionNew Agricultural Revolution- Combined smaller fields
into larger and tried different soils for higher crop yield.
- Enclosures – taking over and fencing off land formerly owned by peasants.
- Crop production grew – less workers needed for bigger farms and small farms were forced out of business – workers now available!
- The population exploded as well in the 1700’s – bigger farms helped fight famine.
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Enclosures Today in Enclosures Today in EnglandEngland
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A. Coal for energy – helped develop the steam engine (created by Thomas Newcomen and improved by James Watt)
B. Iron was used differently as well – separated iron from ore (smelting invented by Abraham Darby). Created a better quality and less expensive iron.
New Technlogy and Use of New Technlogy and Use of Natural ResourcesNatural Resources
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Britain Leads the WayBritain Leads the Way Why Britain? Why Britain?
A. Resources – coal and iron supplies.
B. Economics – growing trading economy – lots of capital (wealth available for investment) in industry and new ventures.
C. Political and Social Conditions – strong navy and stable government as well as religious ideals that encourages hard work.
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Changes in the Textile Industry
- Changed from the “putting out” system (give raw cotton to peasants to spin, weave into cloth, and sell back to a factory system.
- Inventions – Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny, and Water frame all made textile production faster.
- Factory System – brought workers and machines together to produce large quantities of goods.
>1 million workers224, 000 looms1850
200, 000 workers 85, 000 looms1833
150, 000 workers 2400 looms1813
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Revolution in Transportation Revolution in Transportation Turnpikes – privately built roads that charged a fee
for use.Steam Locomotives – Railroads now could be laid
all over to transport goods.Steamboats (created by Robert Fulton) for
transporting goods up-stream in rivers.
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HardshipsHardships in New Industrial in New Industrial CitiesCities
I. Urbanization: rapid growth of cities causes overpopulation and infrastructure issues.
- Poor/lower class forced to live in slums – tenement housing (multistory apt buildings with tiny rooms) – no running water, sewage, or sanitation.
- 12-16 hr shifts with no breaks in dangerous conditions (fingers and limbs were often lost) and bad air quality
- Women – cheaper and easier to manage (exploited).
- Children – cheaper and could get into small places
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Working Class Working Class - Luddites were
skilled workers who were put out of work and destroyed machines and factories.
- Workers were forbidden to organize and strike.
- Methodist Church started by John Wesley – stressed personal sense of faith and rekindled hope in the slums with messages of hope through a moral life.
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Middle ClassMiddle Class- Rags to riches
stories, artisans, and merchants.
- Lived in well-furnished homes, gained influence in Parliament.
- Believed in hard work, and took little pity on the poor – should work their way up.
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Benefits and Problems Benefits and Problems - Reformers pushed for labor laws.- Worker organized into labor unions (bargained for better
wages, hours, and conditions).- Benefits – wages rose, transportation costs fell, workers had
some money to spend leisurely – opportunities grew!
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Reforms and New ThinkingReforms and New ThinkingI. Laissez-Faire Economics- Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations –
free markets would lower costs and encourage reinvestment for further growth.
- Thomas Malthus – poor had too many children and unless that trend stopped, the population would outpace food supply.
- If wages were high, poor had children – higher number of poor and unemployed – called economics a “dismal science”
II. Unitarians- Goal of society should be the “greatest
happiness for the greatest number.”- Accepted mostly by the poor at first
but grew popular in the late 1800’s.
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New Thinking ContinuedNew Thinking ContinuedIII. Socialism- Rejected capitalism and the injustices created
by social class.- The people (government) should own and
operate the means of production – farms, factories, railways, etc to produce and distribute goods.
- Once all property was shared and class disappeared, peace would be dominant.
IV. The “Scientific Socialism” of Karl Marx- Wrote the Communist Manifesto –
Communism (a form of socialism) saw an unavoidable conflict between the “haves” and “have-nots” (rich and proletariat – working class).
- Proletariat would take over the means of production and set up a classless society.
- Used for the Russian Revolution, but as time passes, this system shows its flaws.
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Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution SpreadsSpreads
- Germany, France, and United States follow Britain’s lead
- Other places in SE Europe lacked resources and capital.
- Impact – cities grew through the demand for workers and western powers grew to dominate the world.
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Technology and IndustryTechnology and Industry1. Steel – Henry Bessemer Process
removed oxygen from Iron to create steel – lighter and stronger (used for Railroads, tools, buildings).
2. Chemicals – dynamite (safer for demolition), and fertilizers (farming).
3. Electricity – Michael Faraday created a dynamo (machine that generates electricity) and Thomas Edison created the incandescent light bulb.
4. Interchangeable Parts – identical pieces of a machine (make it easier to repair than replace the whole machine).
5. Assembly line – workers add parts to a product as it moves down a conveyer belt.
- All made production cheaper and faster.
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Transportation and Transportation and CommunicationCommunication1. Steam
Engines/Railroads connected countries (Transcontinental RR in US and Trans-Siberian RR in Russia)
2. Karl Benz created the first automobile – Henry Ford created the Model T with the Assembly Line and made cars popular.
3. Orville and Wilbur Wright - First in flight in Kitty Hawk, NC in 1903.
4. Samuel Morse invented the telegraph and Marconi invented the Radio – could talk to people all over the world in minutes!
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New Directions for BusinessNew Directions for Business- Stock (shares in their
companies) were sold to investors to gain ownership.
- Big Business grew – Corporations (businesses that owned by many investors)
- Monopolies – one company controls an entire industry (John Rockefeller with Standard Oil Co. – known as Robber barons).
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The World of CitiesThe World of CitiesI. Medicine Improvements/ Life of the Cities- Louis Pasteur proved the Germ Theory through
the use of vaccines and pasteurization – hygiene became very important to health.
- Cities went through Urban Renewal (rebuilding poor areas).
- Improvements such as sidewalks, skyscrapers, sewage systems, etc.
- Culture flourished and drew people (music, theaters, entertainment).
II. Working Class Struggles- Formed mutual-aid societies – self-help groups.- Labor unions gained power and increased the
rights of the worker (8hr workday, better conditions, etc).
- Minorities were treated badly, but the standard of living rose (quality of living).
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Changing Attitudes and ValuesChanging Attitudes and ValuesI. New Social Order and
Values- Super-rich to lower middle
classes grow!- The cult of domesticity
(women should be in the home) were encouraged.
II. Rights of Women and Growth in Education
- Supported the Temperance Movement – ban alcohol consumption/production.
- Women’s Suffrage Movement – right to vote (19th amendment)
- Increase in education at primary and secondary level (college attendance increases for women).
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Changing Attitudes and Values, Changing Attitudes and Values, Cont.Cont.
III. New Science/Darwinism- Development of the Atomic Theory
and the Periodic Table.- Fossils and geological discoveries
showed proof that the earth was millions of years old and was occupied by prehistoric humans.
- This led to the idea of evolution (humans had evolved) and natural selection – Charles Darwin wrote On the Origins of Species.
- This theory undermined the ideals of Christianity and creationism.
- Darwinism was applied to Society – Social Darwinism (“business” survival of the fittest).
IV. Religion in the Urban Age- Churches found a new way to serve
their religion through service to their community and the poor – called the Social Gospel Movement (set up community center, housing, health care services, and spread Christianity through their service).
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New CultureNew Culture- Romanticism – rebelled against
the Enlightenment ideals and embraced nature and the use of strong emotion.
- Writing – The Three Musketeers (Dumas) and Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights (Bronte Sisters).
Music – Beethoven and Chopin.- Realism – an attempt to represent
the world as it really was. - Writing – Charles Dickens’s
Oliver Twist and Great Expectations
- Impressionism – an art form that started in Paris – its goal was to capture the first impression of a scene (Monet, Degas, etc.)
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Romanticism - Abbey in an Oak ForestCaspar David Friedrich
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Romanticism - An Avalanche in the AlpsPhilip James de Loutherbourg, 1803
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Impressionism: Monet, The Lily Water Impressionism: Monet, The Lily Water PondPond
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Impressionism: Mary Cassatt, Impressionism: Mary Cassatt, Boating PartyBoating Party