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The Internet and the World Wide Web
CIT 230
Web Design
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History of the Internet• Began as ARPANET in 1950’s
• Funded by the Department of Defense– Purpose was to share resources among DOD contractors and
encourage research in computer networking
• Many academic institutions signed on
• Continued to grow but limited to academic and military uses, not for general public.
• 1989 “Internet” begins to evolve into a common medium with the advent of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol and the birth of the World Wide Wait, er… Web!
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1989 - World Wide Web– Tim Berners-Lee and CERN
– Wanted a standardized way in which scientists could communicate with each other
– Codified HTML, based on SGML
– Hyperlinking used.
– Web metaphor emphasizes the intricate interconnectedness of the WWW
– Milestone: 1993-National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) develops Mosaic.• Marc Andreesen at U of Illinois.
• Later Mosaic becomes Netscape
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What is the Internet?• Collection of computer networks
• Meta-network (a network of networks)
• Uses a fixed set of protocols
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Backbones
• Transportation analogy– sidewalks, streets, boulevards, highways and
interstates
• Backbone is the internet equivalent of the interstate.
• NAPs: Network Access Points– connect the backbone to regional networks
• San Francisco, San Jose, Chicago, New York, and Washington, D.C. are major backbone access points in the U.S.
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Protocols
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Internet Protocols (TCP/IP)
• Universal Translator of Networking
– Auto recovery and rerouting built in to the protocol in case of damaged node (Nuclear attack)
– Check/recheck protocol
– Packet switched• breaking down large chunks of data into smaller ones called
packets
• IP moves these packets from node to node.
• Delivery is based on unique IP numbers or addresses
• At delivery, TCP verifies that all the info is intact and reassembles it
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Internet Protocols (TCP/IP)
• Transmission Control Protocol / (over) Internet Protocol
• Developed for military
– so hardware communication could occur regardless of manufacturer
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol
– HTTP://
– Protocol used to send information (text, graphics, audio, video) across the World Wide Web
– HTTP request sent from users browser to the HTTP server and the response is the web page displayed in the browser
• Hypertext
– Links that make the web interconnected
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Extensible Hypertext Markup Language
• XHTML
– a set of codes or commands that control how text and images will appear when it is transferred to a users browser from the server
• Uses tags
– open and close tags
• <h1></h1>
– to mark up the text for formatting
• <h1>This is a Heading</h1>
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Web Browsers• Program that sends requests to the HTTP server
• Displays the server’s response
• Examples– Netscape Navigator
– Internet Explorer
• Browser Types– Graphical-text, sound, images-still and moving
• Tend to be slower
• Ability to bookmark sites visited
– Non-graphical, text only browsers• Early development, ASCII text only, Very fast
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Web Addresses• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
– textual address of the data storehouse
• Each part of the URL has a meaning
http://www.byui.edu/academics/index.htm
– http:// -indicates the protocol to be used– www -identifies the web server – byui – identifies the location or company– edu – identifies the location’s domain type – /academics – identifies a subdirectory on the server– index.htm – identifies the specific page being requested.
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Domain Name System
• The text version of the IP address
• Each domain name has a unique IP address associated with it
IP Address URI
157.201.10.1 www.byui.edu
136.1.240.21 www.ford.com
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Top Level Domains• An indication of the kind of domain
– .edu-educational
– .gov-government
– .com-commercial
– .mil-military
– .net-networking
– .org-nonprofit organization
• Seven new top level domains proposed to be added in November of 2000– .aero-air-transport
– .biz-business
– .coop-cooperatives
– .info-multi purpose
– .museum-museums
– .name-individuals
– .pro-professions
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Top Level Domains/2nd Level Domains
• In 2001-.biz, .info and .name were made operational
• Second Level Domain
– The part of the address that actually identifies the organization
• .byui in the previous example
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Search Engines and Web Directories
• The card catalogues of the Internet
• Search services offer subject guides to aid in a search– Yahoo! Is really a service with catalogued entries
• Search engines-Lycos, Alta Vista, Info-seek, Google
• Meta-tags used to assist in the search
• Automated-more like a database search.
• Often more current and able to report more minute details of information that may be useful
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Search Techniques
• AND
– docs containing both words
• OR
– docs with either or both words
• NOT
– omit specified words
• Boolean logic
• Can use + and – signs as well
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FTP
• File Transfer Protocol
• Prior to the web, the way to transfer files over the internet
• Usually UNIX system– odd commands like “get” and “put”
• Telenet – allows users to log on to remote systems and
search directories for files and search databases for information
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Usenet
• Electronic newspaper
– Articles posted to a news server
– Read by anyone with a newsreader
• software that allows access to a news group
– Newsgroups are interactive
• readers can respond to articles by posting their own articles
• Forms a discussion thread
– Netiquette rules are enforced
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ISPs
• Internet Service Provider– company that allows subscribers to connect to
the internet• Phone, cable, satellites
– Basic services: email, simple web hosting
– ISP selection• local access to avoid long distance charges
• Reliability-little down time and 24 hour access
• Cost varies-shop around
• Connection speed