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THE INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB:
Chapter 2
by Silvia Pereira
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History of the Internet
Began as a networking project by the Pentagon– Goal was to build a network that:
Allowed scientists from around the world to share information and work together
Could work even if part of the network was destroyed by a disaster
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How the Internet Works
Connecting to the Internet– Dial-up access
The modem on the computer uses a telephone line to connect (slow speed)
– DSL and ISDN A higher speed connection using regular copper telephone
wires
– Cable Modem Provides high-speed connection through a cable television
network
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Access Providers
These are businesses that give people and companies access to the Internet for a fee.– An ISP gives phone numbers which allow access
Connects people to an access point (point of presence: POP)
– An OSP includes member-only features– A WSP provides wireless access to users with
wireless modems or Web-enabled mobile devices
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How Data Travels the Internet
Connected computers work together to transfer data and information around the world – Use servers and clients
Carriers of network traffic are known as the Internet backbone
Data is transferred from one network to another until it reaches its final destination
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Internet Addresses
An addressing system is needed to send data to a specific destination– An IP address is a number that uniquely identifies
each computer to the Internet– A Domain name is the text version of an IP address
Every domain name has a top-level domain, identifying the organization associated with the domain
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The World Wide Web
Each document on the Web is called a Web page
A Web site is a collection of related pages and items that are stored on a Web server
A Web browser allows users to use pages A home page is the first page a Web site
shows– Can be changed to whatever the user wants it to be
Downloading is how a computer gets information
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Web Addresses
Each Web page has a unique address, known as a URL
A URL is typed into the Address text box at the top of the browser window– It consists of a protocol, domain name, and maybe a
path to a specific page
A Web server is a computer that sends requested pages to computers
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Navigating Web Pages
Links– Connect from a Web page to another related page
Nonlinear way to get information
– Use of links is referred to as “surfing the Web”– Are usually underlined and in a color different from
the other text on that page
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Searching for Info on the Web
A search engine finds Web sites and pages about chosen topics– Keywords are entered in the text box– Hits, or Web page names that contain text with the
keywords, are displayed
A spider is a program that saves the list of keywords used
A subject directory puts pages into a set of categories
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Types of Web Pages
Portal News Informational Business/Marketing
Educational Entertainment Advocacy Personal
Caution! No one oversees the contents of these pages, so don’t assume they’re accurate.
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Multimedia on the Web
An application that combines text with:– Graphics– Animation– Audio– Video– Virtual reality– Plug-Ins
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E-Commerce
A business transaction occurring over the Web– B2C: sale of goods and services to the public
Electronic storefront
– C2C: when one consumer sells directly to another Online auction
– B2B: when a business offers goods and services to another business
Technical support
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It’s the transmission of messages and files via a computer network– E-mail program: used to conduct e-mails– One must address to whom e-mail is being sent to
An address has a user name and a domain name A user name is unique to each user in a domain
– Address books are useful Contains a list of names and e-mail addresses
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FTP and Mailing Lists
File Transfer Protocol– Permits file uploading and downloading
Mailing Lists– Group of e-mail names and addresses under a
single name Everyone on that list receives a copy of a message in their
mailbox Can subscribe and unsubscribe
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Newsgroups and Message Boards
Newsgroups:– Online area where users have discussions about a
particular subject through articles– Members send messages so others can reply
Thread: a discussion that’s made up of an original article and all subsequent replies
– A news server stores and distributes messages– Message boards are similar to newsgroups, but they
don’t need a newsreader to participate in discussion
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Chat Rooms and Instant Messaging
Chat rooms– Place on the server that allows users to chat
Chat: a real-time conversation– Real-time: people are conversing online at the same time; no
time elapse
Instant Messaging– Communication service that allows people to
exchange message or files Also in real-time
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Netiquette
Code of acceptable behaviors users should follow on the Internet– Avoid offensive language– Avoid sending spam– Don’t use all capital letters
It’s like SHOUTING!
– Use emoticons to express emotion : )
– Use abbreviations and acronyms for phrases BRB means Be Right Back
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Web Publishing
It’s the development and maintenance of Web pages
Five major steps to Web publishing– Plan a Web site– Analyze and design a Web site– Create a Web site– Deploy a Web site– Maintain a Web site
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5 Steps of Web Publishing
Plan a Web site– Identify the purpose of the site– Determine ways to make the site unique
Analyze and design a Web site– Determine how to meet the aforementioned goals– Design the layout
Text, graphics, audio, video, and virtual reality
– Decide if this is possible, or if it is taking on too much
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5 Steps of Web Publishing cont’d
Create a Web site– Compose the site
Deploy a Web site– Store the site on a Web server
Registering the site with search engines is a good way to ensure many people see it, for it will appear in the hit list for searches on related keywords
Maintain a Web site– Frequently make sure information is updated and
links are current