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THE INTERNET OF THINGS AND OTHER CHALLENGES TO THE INTERNET AS WE KNOW IT
Henning Schulzrinne
(+ Jan Janak & other CUCS IRT contributors)ICC 2016
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Key enablers
IoTIoTCheap SOCsCheap SOCs
Mature Internet
protocols
Mature Internet
protocols
Cellular connectivity
Cellular connectivity
UnlicensedUnlicensedAnalytics
(“big data”)
Analytics
(“big data”)
ApplicationsApplications
Cloud-hosted
applications & data
Cloud-hosted
applications & data
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Natural evolution
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Internet of Things
• Mostly about devices, not the Internet
• Network part not really new or exciting
• Software-controlled networked devices
• Challenges:
• lack of UI � usability
• lack of UI � usable security
• integration (service & APIs)
• programming – beyond a single device
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M2M/IoT/CPS is not…
• isn’t just about fancy thermostats and $199 door bells
• doesn’t always uses cellular networks
• is not always energy-constrained
• is not always cost-constrained
• doesn’t always use puny microcontrollers
• is not always run by large organizations
• many small & mid-sized providers
• usually embedded into other products
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Where does IoT make sense?
• Automate manual data extraction
• health, car, electric/gas meter, …
• Remote maintenance
• vending machines, appliances, cars & trucks, trains, pumps, …
• Incorporate additional information
• thermostats, light switches, traffic lights, parking meters, …
• Software-Defined Mechanics
• locks, light switches
• But where does it solve more than 1st world problems?
• commercial maintenance savings?
• in-home customizable assistive technology
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The killer app
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with energy-harvesting
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What’s different?
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PrivacyPrivacy
ComputationComputation
SecuritySecurity
ApplicationsApplications
Network (protocols)Network
(protocols)
PHY &MAC
PHY &MAC
naming
usable security
standard interfaces
bandwidth constraints
5G vs. the rest
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Lessons from Internet experience
• The Internet is about more than the Internet protocol
• Reliability multiplies, costs add
• Quality is no substitute for quantity
• Data links layers come & go, IP stays
• The age of application-specific {sensors, spectrum, OS, protocol …} is over
• Protocols matter, but programmability matters more
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IoT = Internet at scale
• Security at scale
• still largely “add password to configuration file”
• identify by IP address
• Management at scale
• device-focused
• SNMP, at best
• CLI, at worst
• no performance diagnostics capabilities (“why is this so slow?”
• Naming at scale
• identify by node name
• Programming at scale
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system
& rack
data center
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Lessons from early IoT (and cousins)
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ATCATC proprietary network architecture
"Ongoing problems continue to threaten
NextGen's costs and timeline."
PTCPTC 220 MHz dedicated network
"[NTSB] has advocated for some form of positive train
control for more than 45 years."
ITSITS 5.9 GHz allocated in 1999
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Lesson: sensor networks may be (tiny) niche
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http://eschatologist.net/blog/?p=266
• Most IoT systems will be near power since they’ll interact with energy-based systems (lights, motors, vehicles)
• Most IoT systems will not be running TinyOS (or similar)
• Protocol processing overhead is unlikely to matter
• Low message volume � cryptography overhead is unlikely to matter
$35.00
• A 900MHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7• 1 GB RAM
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The age of application-specific {sensors, spectrum, OS, protocol …} is over• Computing system: dedicated function �
OS
• � abstract into generic components
• e.g., USB human interface device (HID)
• What are the equivalent sensor and actuator classes?
• Networks: generic app protocols
• request/response � HTTP
• event notification � SMTP, SIP, XMPP
• Spectrum: from new application = new spectrum to generic data transport
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NETWORKS – PHY, MAC, LAYER 3
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Network challenges
• Unlicensed• How do I attach and authenticate a device to a (home)
network?
• Credentials?
• Licensed• Reliability � multiple simultaneous providers
• Mobility � different providers in different regions
• Charging � often low, intermittent usage, sometimes deferrable (“Whispernet”)• From $50/device/month � < $1/month?
• Authentication• Which devices can be used by whom and how?
• “Any employee can monitor the room temperature in any public space, but only Facilities staff can change it”
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IoT varies in communication needs
1/hour 1/minute 1/second 10/second
sensors
actuators
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CPS
IoT
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Not just cellular or unlicensed
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5G is not the only option
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indoor
unmanaged
indoor
ext. managed
outdoor
urban
outdoor
rural
outdoor
remote
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Niche networks
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short range
low energy; mesh
ubiquity; low cost
speed; public APs
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5G = low latency + mmW + …
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X
X
V2I2VX
one-to-many!
EEW
(< 5 s)
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NETWORKS – APPLICATION PROTOCOLS
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IoT islands vs. IoT eco system
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Challenge: enabling discovery & access control• Devices should be discoverable & re-
usable• e.g., provide audio interface to bus display• environmental probes (temperature, noise,
rain, …)• location (iBeacon) � 911
• Layers of functionality• anybody in vicinity can read• anyone in family can change• parents can re-program
• Allow delegation• grant temporary access to somebody or
something else• by message or physical proximity
• Currently, all one-off solutions• OAuth? NFC?
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Technology comes & goes, interfaces are forever
1904
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19471908
1878
1993
fuel nozzle1885?
1982
1974 1992
1956
1970s
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How should we name things?
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network interface device
(independent of network)
EUI-64
domain name? � portability?phone number?
IPv6
“ceiling lamp in kitchen”(used in
programs)
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device by function & location
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Communication identifiersProperty URL
owned
URL
provider
E.164 Service-specific
Example [email protected]
+1 202 555 1010 www.facebook.com/a
lice.example
Protocol-
independentno no yes yes
Multimedia yes yes maybe (VRS) maybe
Portable yes no somewhat no
Groups yes yes bridge number not generally
Trademark
issuesyes unlikely unlikely possible
Privacy Depends on name
chosen
(pseudonym)
Depends on
naming scheme
mostly Depends on
provider “real
name” policy
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� IoT will likely be assigned local IP address space and owner-based names (meter17.pseg.com) [if any]
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COMPUTATION & SERVICES
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Protocols matter, but programmability matters more• Nobody wants to program raw protocols
• Most significant network application creation advances:
• 1983: socket API � abstract data stream or datagram
• 1998: Java network API � mostly names, HTTP, threads
• 1998: PHP � network input as script variables
• 2005: Ruby on Rails � simplify common patterns
• Many fine protocols and frameworks failed the programmer hate test
• e.g., JAIN for VoIP, SOAP for RPC
• Most IoT programmers will not be computer scientists
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What is the best generic (simple) architecture?
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SQL (via HTTP RESTful API)
Streaming (JSON web stream … RTP)
cloud, fog, …
user-delivered code
event notification
mediate access
SENML?
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Challenge: integrate embedded, mobile & virtual
magnetometer
accelerometer
location
gyroscope
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LIFECYCLE
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Windows XP, Corolla & Revolv
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available12/2001
end of sales6/2008
end install10/2010
end support4/2009
end ext. support4/2014
13 years
1996 Corolla
- still can get parts
founded 2012acquired by Nest 2014shut down May 2016
$2,359
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Design for 20 years
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IoT needs a life cycle model
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feature support
EoL?
security support
safe mode
conservatorsupport
services
company hands over control
(bond or insurance model)
X
services
• local only
• guardian
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IoT needs an economic model
• Do you own or rent a device?
• and do you know what rights you have (transfer, sale, …)?
• and for how long?
• What is expected lifetime?
• in what mode?
• with what enhancements?
• Who pays for computation and storage?
• printer & ink? stove & electricity?
• subscription model � doesn’t scale except with aggregator
• advertising model � creepiness-factor, no direct interaction
• third party model: health or fire insurance, research (“your data for science”), electric utility
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SECURITY
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ShellShock for light switches
• IoT risks: privacy, DDOS, extortion (ransomware for your freezer), …
• Securely field updateable or no connection to Internet
• still vulnerable if malware on home network
• Lifetime of devices > lifetime of company
• Insurance model:
• source code escrow + maintenance for N years
• UL listing
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Challenge: enrollment
• Commercial buildings � enroll 1,000s of devices at once
• Home � enroll one device at a time
• current model: one app per device (class)
• re-do if Wi-Fi password changes
• common options:
• QR code
• P2P Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi Direct)
• possibilities
• “hi, I’m a Philips light bulb – add me!” (PKI)
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How should we secure things?
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Old model
New model
commissioner
device authorization
database
DIAMETER
create entries
“I want
to join!”
802.1x
WPA2(P, E)
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PRIVACY
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“Remember when, on the Internet, nobody knew who you were?”
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IoT: more than programmable light bulbs
public sensors & actuators
public sensors & actuators
semi-privatesemi-private
privateprivate
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Privacy fears deter usage
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Major Concerns Related to Online Privacy and Security Risks,
Percent of Households with Internet Users, 2015
NTIAMay 2016
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Roughly half of consumers uncomfortable
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Altimeter GroupJune 2015
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Local processing for efficiency privacy
indoor
thermometer
publicly visible script
cloud
access
cloud storage
and access
fuzzanonymize
averagerate limit
node
observable storage
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fog computing model
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Conclusion
• Design for simplicity and generality, not performance
• Design for surprises
• Design for developers – what do they need and want?
• Design for L2 evolution and co-existence
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