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A Quest:
The Journey from Novice to ExpertThe Journey from Novice to Expert
Barbara Herman MSN, RNInfection Preventionist
Lubbock Heart Hospital
Lubbock, Texas
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Kathleen ByrneAn Expert in Infection Prevention
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Disclaimer
• I receive no
commercial support
for this
presentation.presentation.
• I am not supporting
any products or
services.
• No conflict of
interest to disclose.
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Objectives
• To Define A Quest and it’s relevance to the
Infection Preventionist.
• To Discuss the Benner Model of Novice to
Expert.Expert.
• To Describe the Journey from Novice to
Expert for the Infection Preventionist.
• To Relate the Quest to Personal Development
in Infection Prevention.
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A Quest
• A Journey of
Discovery or
Transformation
• Three parts:
The Call
The Journey
The Return
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The Call to the Adventure
• Who?
• What ?• What ?
• When?
• Where?
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The Journey• Life is a Journey
• Traveling from
one place to
anotheranother
• Gradual passing
from one state to
another regarded
as more advanced
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The Return• Now What?
• What?• What?
• Oh!
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Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition
Stuart and Hubert Dreyfus proposed a model that a student passes through five through five distinct stages: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert.
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“To become competent
you must feel bad”
Hubert Dreyfus
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Dreyfus Applications
• Airplane pilots • Chess players • Automobile drivers• Automobile drivers• Adult learners of a second language
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Five Stages
• Novice
• Advanced Beginner
• Competent• Competent
• Proficient
• Expert
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Skill Acquisition
Novice
•• Follows rules and Follows rules and
with feeling with feeling
responsible.responsible.
Advanced BeginnerAdvanced Beginner
•• Recognizes new Recognizes new
situations in which situations in which
the rules may be the rules may be responsible.responsible. the rules may be the rules may be
applied. Still does applied. Still does
not feel responsible.not feel responsible.
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Skill Acquisition
CompetentCompetent
•• Follows rules, applies Follows rules, applies
an organizing an organizing
“perspective” to “perspective” to
ProficientProficient
•• UUses pattern ses pattern
recognition recognition
from extensive from extensive “perspective” to “perspective” to
determine what determine what
elements of the elements of the
problem are relevant problem are relevant
and feels accountable and feels accountable
because of decisionbecause of decision--
makingmaking ..
from extensive from extensive
experience to experience to
identify the identify the
problem. A sense problem. A sense
of responsibility of responsibility
follows the follows the
decisiondecision--making.making.
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Expert•• Immediately sees Immediately sees
“what” is happening “what” is happening
and “how” to and “how” to
approach the approach the approach the approach the
situation. Pattern situation. Pattern
recognition extends recognition extends
to management plan to management plan
as well as diagnosisas well as diagnosis
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Lessons from the Dreyfus Model
• Make skills acquisition as productive as
possible.
• Use it as a standard guidance and
assessment framework.assessment framework.
• Pair up mentors and apprentices
effectively.
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Patricia Benner
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The Theorist• Patricia E. Benner, R.N., Ph.D., FAAN is a Professor
Emeritus at the University of California, San Francisco.
• BA in Nursing - Pasadena College/Point Loma College
• MS in Med/Surg nursing from UCSF
• PhD -1982 from UC Berkeley• PhD -1982 from UC Berkeley
• 1970s - Research at UCSF and UC Berkeley
• Has taught and done research at UCSF since 1979
• Published 9 books and numerous articles
• Published ‘Novice to Expert Theory’ in 1982
• Received Book of the Year from AJN in 1984,1990,1996, 2000
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Dr. Benner,
Greetings from Lubbock, Texas.
I am the Infection Preventionist for a 74 bed Specialty Hospital and serve
on the Board of Directors for Texas Society of Infection Control and
Prevention
In March of 2011, I have the honor of being a presenter at our (TSICP)
Annual Conference in Austin Texas. My topic is: A Quest, the Journey from
Novice to Expert.
During this 60 minute program I will : Define and Discuss the Benner
Model and its application to the Infection Preventionist; Discuss the Model and its application to the Infection Preventionist; Discuss the
impact of Mentoring in the Development of the Infection Preventionist,
and Reframe the definition of success steps in their own journeys.
I want to thank you for the impact you have had in my career path, by
giving voice to the unspoken need for healthy mentoring and our capacity
to learn from others.
With Best Wishes for a Healthy Happy Holiday,
Barbara Herman
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Dear Barbara,
It sounds like a great
presentation!!
Congratulations on YOUR
success. success.
Best Wishes for a Happy New
Year!!
Patricia
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The Theory
• A description of
the progression of
nurses from
novice to expert novice to expert
and an awareness
of the importance
of caring in
nursing.
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The Model
• Novice
• Advanced
BeginnerBeginner
• Competent
• Proficient
• Expert
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BODY MIND SOUL YOUBODY MIND SOUL YOU
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Body• health
• nourish
Mind• mood
• balanceMind
• balance
Soul• hope
• sustain
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‘The most important thing a novice IP
needs to know is to find an Infection
Preventionist expert, otherwise known
as a mentor. Your mentor is a your
lifesaver. A mentor can be there for
support and guidance through your first support and guidance through your first
months of “on the job training”. A
mentor is someone who has been there,
done that and can make you feel calm
rather than frantic! Words of wisdom
-Find a mentor.’
Jodene Satterwhite
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Do You Remember the Call?
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Novice• No experience with situations in which
they are expected to perform
• Rigid adherence to rules• Rigid adherence to rules
• Little situational perception
• Unable to use discretionary judgment
• Focuses on pieces rather than the
whole
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Advanced Beginner• Situational perception still limited
• Can demonstrate marginally
acceptable performance
• Notices change but cannot cope • Notices change but cannot cope
with it
• Needs help setting priorities
• Unable to see entirety of a new situation
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The Journey
NoviceAdvanced
Beginner
Competent Proficient
Expert
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Competent
• Aware of all the relevant aspects of a
situation
• Sees actions at least partly in terms of
long-term goals long-term goals
• Conscious of deliberate planning
• Can set priorities
• Critical thinking skills are developing
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Proficient
• Sees situations holistically rather
than in terms of elements
• Can prioritize effectively• Can prioritize effectively
• Perceives deviations from the
normal pattern
• Decision-making less labor intensive
• Uses guidelines for guidance
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The Return• Can You Find Your way
back?
• Can make it work for
you?you?
• Are you able to find the
call?
• How’s that working for
you?
• Oh…
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Dedication of the Benner Model
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…And
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AndAndAndAnd
• Brenda
• Lynda
• Susan
• Doramarie
• Greg
• Annette
• Shannon
• Vickie• Doramarie
• Beth Ann
• Vickie
• Patti
• Jessica
• Doris
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Expert
• No longer relies on rules
• Intuitive grasp on situations based
on deep understanding on deep understanding
• Analytic approaches used only in
novel situations or when problems
occur
• Vision of what is possible
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A Timeline
Novice
0-1 year
Advanced
Beginner
1-2 years
Competent
2-3 years
Proficient
3-4 years
Expert
4-5 years
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Application to Infection
Prevention
• Begin at the Beginning
• Take a Basic Course: TSICP or APIC
• Find a mentor
• Get the Reference Books and Online Resources• Get the Reference Books and Online Resources
• Join Professional Organizations:
TSICP, APIC, TNA
• Where do you want to be in a year?
• Do you like what you are doing?
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Application to ICP continued
• Set Realistic Goals
• Further your Professional Education
• Continue Self Study
• Do you like what you are doing?• Do you like what you are doing?
• Look at CBIC website
• Assess strengths and weaknesses
• Operate out of strengths, strengthen your
weaknesses
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Professional Development
• Pair with a mentor
• Read
• TSICP, APIC, CDC,
• Self Assess• Self Assess
• Research
• Network
• Read
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Where Are You TODAY?
• And where will
you be
tomorrow?
• Is it an Impossible • Is it an Impossible
Dream?
• Are you willing to
do the work?
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“…And my thanks for hearing me, my prayers for you,
my deep silent prayers…”
Carl Sandburg