Download - The Kingdoms of Spain and Portugal
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The Kingdoms of Spain and Portugal
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Map of Europe in the Middle Ages
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Small Christian kingdoms conquered Muslim lands. Two of the most powerful kingdoms became the largest, called Aragon and
Castile.
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Enrique, King of Castile was ambitious, and needed more soldiers for his army.
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So, Enrique promised his 13 year-old sister, Isabella, to one of his noblemen.
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Pedro Giron was a great fighter, but he was over forty, and he had a reputation for drinking, quarrelling, and killing.
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Isabella prayed something horrible would happen to prevent them from being married, and right before the wedding, Pedro
got sick and died of stomach pains.
Pedro Giron
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Four years later, her brother decided she should marry the king of Portugal. He was old and fat,
and she was not about to wed him.
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Isabella sent a covert letter to Ferdinand, the young prince of Aragon, begging him to meet her in secret.
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The young couple talked for about two hours, and four days later, they got married.
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Enrique was mad.
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Then he died six years later.
King Enrique
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Isabella became queen, and Ferdinand inherited the throne of Aragon, so they joined countries.
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Ferdinand and Isabella were devout Catholics, and they decided that Spain should be unified as a Christian country.
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They set their sites on Granada, the last Muslim kingdom.
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After ten years, the Spanish armies defeated the Muslim king of Granada. This ended Moorish rule, and began the years of the
Spanish Inquisition.
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Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand brought all of Spain together, but they declared it illegal to practice any
religion, other than Christianity.
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The Jews and Muslims had to either convert or leave the country.
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If they converted and stayed, they would remain under scrutiny. If they were suspected of keeping their old practices, they would undergo the Spanish Inquisition – a trial to find a person guilty of
heresy.
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In the Spanish Inquisition, torturers would use different ways and devices to get the accused to confess to practicing different
religions, as well as witchcraft and sorcery.
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If the accused confessed while being tortured, it didn’t count. The person had to confess while in a calm state.
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Even Galileo Galilei was tried for heresy against the Church.
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Meanwhile, Portugal kept its independence from the rest of Spain.
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Because of Portugal’s long coastline, it was easy for the Portuguese people to build boats and sail them.
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Prince Henry of Portugal became known as Henry the Navigator because he wanted the Portuguese to sail
further than anyone else in the world.
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Henry built a school for navigation so sailors could learn how to plot stars, use instruments, and learn how to calculate the speed
of a ship.
astrolabecalculating speed using knots
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Henry wanted to reestablish trade in Africa, after the Muslims were forced to leave.
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Unfortunately for Henry, the sailors were too scared to sail down the coast of Africa. They called the unfamiliar
waters the Sea of Darkness.
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Finally, after 14 expeditions, a brave explorer, named Gil Eanes dared to venture the Sea of Darkness. His adventure
emboldened other Portuguese sailors to travel further and further down the west coast of Africa.