Download - The LCLS at SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source
The LCLS at SLACThe LCLS at SLACLinac Coherent Light SourceLinac Coherent Light Source
The LCLS at SLACThe LCLS at SLACLinac Coherent Light SourceLinac Coherent Light Source
J. B. HastingsJ. B. Hastings(for the (for the LCLSLCLS group) group)
January 31, 2007January 31, 2007
LCLSLCLSLCLSLCLSUCLAUCLALLNLLLNL
ANLANL
X-FEL based on last 1-km of existing X-FEL based on last 1-km of existing SLACSLAC linac linac
LCLSLCLSLCLSLCLS
1.5-15 Å1.5-15 Å
one undulatorone undulator
2 compressors2 compressors
Beam Transport from Linac Through X-Ray HallsBeam Transport from Linac Through X-Ray HallsBeam Transport HallBeam Transport Hall::227-m, above-grade 227-m, above-grade facility to transport facility to transport electron beamelectron beam
Undulator HallUndulator Hall::170-m, underground 170-m, underground tunnel housing tunnel housing undulatorsundulators Near Experimental HallNear Experimental Hall::
underground facility to underground facility to house 3 experimental house 3 experimental hutches, prep, and shopshutches, prep, and shops
X-Ray Trans. & Diag. TunnelX-Ray Trans. & Diag. Tunnel::210-m long underground tunnel to 210-m long underground tunnel to transport photon beams from NEH to FEHtransport photon beams from NEH to FEH
Far Experimental HallFar Experimental Hall::underground 46’ cavern underground 46’ cavern housing 3 experimental housing 3 experimental hutches and prep spacehutches and prep space
Electron Beam DumpElectron Beam Dump::40-m long underground 40-m long underground facility to separate facility to separate electron and x-ray beamselectron and x-ray beams
Front End EnclosureFront End Enclosure::40-m long underground facility 40-m long underground facility housing photon beamhousing photon beam diagnostic diagnostic equipmentequipment
LCLSLCLS Parameters Parameters
LCLSLCLS Accelerator Schematic Accelerator Schematic
SLAC linac tunnelSLAC linac tunnel research yardresearch yard
Linac-0Linac-0L L =6 m=6 m
Linac-1Linac-1L L 9 m9 m
rf rf 25°25°
Linac-2Linac-2L L 330 m330 mrf rf 41°41°
Linac-3Linac-3L L 550 m550 mrf rf 0° 0°
BC1BC1L L 6 m6 m
RR5656 39 mm39 mm
BC2BC2L L 22 m22 m
RR5656 25 mm25 mm DL2 DL2 L L =275 m=275 mRR56 56 0 0
DL1DL1L L 12 m12 mRR56 56 0 0
undulatorundulatorL L =130 m=130 m
6 MeV6 MeVz z 0.83 mm 0.83 mm 0.05 %0.05 %
135 MeV135 MeVz z 0.83 mm 0.83 mm 0.10 %0.10 %
250 MeV250 MeVz z 0.19 mm 0.19 mm 1.6 %1.6 %
4.30 GeV4.30 GeVz z 0.022 mm 0.022 mm 0.71 %0.71 %
13.6 GeV13.6 GeVz z 0.022 mm 0.022 mm 0.01 %0.01 %
Linac-Linac-XXL L =0.6 m=0.6 mrfrf= =
21-1b,c,d
...existinglinac
L0-a,b
rfrfgungun
21-3b24-6dX
25-1a30-8c
Commission in Jan. 2007Commission in Jan. 2007 Commission in Jan. 2008Commission in Jan. 2008
LCLS Installation and Commissioning LCLS Installation and Commissioning Time-LineTime-Line
Oct. 19, 2006Oct. 19, 2006
AAAA SSSS OOOO NNNN DDDD JJJJ FFFF MMMM AAAA MMMM JJJJ JJJJ AAAA SSSS OOOO NNNN DDDD JJJJ FFFF MMMM AAAA MMMM JJJJ JJJJ
Drive-Laser Drive-Laser InstalledInstalled
Drive-Laser Drive-Laser Commissioning Commissioning
Gun/Inj./BC1 Gun/Inj./BC1 Commissioning Commissioning
Gun/Inj./BC1 Gun/Inj./BC1 InstallInstall
(8/21 – 2/20)(8/21 – 2/20)linac/BC2 linac/BC2
Install Install
Inj./Linac/BC2 Inj./Linac/BC2 Commissioning Commissioning
LTU/und. LTU/und. Install Install
2006200620062006 2007200720072007
LTU/und.LTU/und.hall “ready”hall “ready”
ControlsControlsCheckout Checkout
LTU/und. LTU/und. Commissioning Commissioning
First Spont. First Spont. LightLight
2008200820082008
LCLS Installation and Commissioning LCLS Installation and Commissioning Time-LineTime-Line
Oct. 19, 2006Oct. 19, 2006
AAAA SSSS OOOO NNNN DDDD JJJJ FFFF MMMM AAAA MMMM JJJJ JJJJ AAAA SSSS OOOO NNNN DDDD JJJJ FFFF MMMM AAAA MMMM JJJJ JJJJ
Drive-Laser Drive-Laser InstalledInstalled
Drive-Laser Drive-Laser Commissioning Commissioning
Gun/Inj./BC1 Gun/Inj./BC1 Commissioning Commissioning
Gun/Inj./BC1 Gun/Inj./BC1 InstallInstall
(8/21 – 2/20)(8/21 – 2/20)linac/BC2 linac/BC2
Install Install
Inj./Linac/BC2 Inj./Linac/BC2 Commissioning Commissioning
LTU/und. LTU/und. Install Install
2006200620062006 2007200720072007
LTU/und.LTU/und.hall “ready”hall “ready”
ControlsControlsCheckout Checkout
LTU/und. LTU/und. Commissioning Commissioning
First Spont. First Spont. LightLight
2008200820082008
Emittance Measurements with ‘Quad-Emittance Measurements with ‘Quad-Scan’ on OTR ScreenScan’ on OTR Screen
yy = 1.06 = 1.06 μμmm
OTR screenOTR screen
95%95%area cutarea cut
135 MeV, 1 nC, 100 A135 MeV, 1 nC, 100 AGaussian used only Gaussian used only as visual aid hereas visual aid here
Projected Emittance Below 1 Projected Emittance Below 1 μμm at 0.7 nCm at 0.7 nC
xx = 0.76 = 0.76 μμmm
yy = 0.85 = 0.85 μμmm
QQ = 700 pC = 700 pC
Emittance Measured Over 8 HoursEmittance Measured Over 8 Hours
0.7 nC, 135 MeV, 70 A0.7 nC, 135 MeV, 70 A
xx
yy
Commissioning ResultsCommissioning Results
xx & & yy emittanceemittance 1.2 1.2 μμmm at at 1 nC1 nC charge (design) charge (design)
<1.5%<1.5% rms charge stability (design is 2%) rms charge stability (design is 2%)
Drive laser Drive laser 98%98% up-time with up-time with 500 500 μμJJ (250 design) (250 design)
Bunch compression in BC1 fully demonstratedBunch compression in BC1 fully demonstrated
Accelerated Accelerated LCLSLCLS beam to 16 GeV (13.6 design) beam to 16 GeV (13.6 design)
X-band & 2 RF deflectors both operationalX-band & 2 RF deflectors both operational
New RF performing within spec (New RF performing within spec (e.g.,e.g., <0.1º rms) <0.1º rms)
Feedback ON: launch, charge, energy, RF, & Feedback ON: launch, charge, energy, RF, & zz
Robust, high-quality RF gun demonstratedRobust, high-quality RF gun demonstrated
Atomic, molecular and optical Atomic, molecular and optical science (AMOS)science (AMOS)
Nano-particle and single molecule Nano-particle and single molecule coherent x-ray imaging (CXI)coherent x-ray imaging (CXI)
Coherent-scattering studies of Coherent-scattering studies of nanoscale fluctuations (XCS)nanoscale fluctuations (XCS)
Diffraction studies of stimulated Diffraction studies of stimulated dynamics (pump-probe) (XPP)dynamics (pump-probe) (XPP)
High energy density science High energy density science (HEDS)(HEDS)
Aluminum plasma
10-4 10-2 1 102 104
classical plasma
dense plasma
high den. matter
G=1
Density (g/cm-
3)
G=10
G=100
t=0
t=
SLAC Report 611SLAC Report 611
Science OpportunitiesScience Opportunities
Atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physicsAtomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physics
Very-intense, ultrashort x-ray pulses will interact with matter in new ways.
Atomic strong-field effects may alter the properties of the materials.
- Ip
1015 W/cm2
- Ip
1013 W/cm2
- Ip10x20 W/cm2
• Keldysh parameter <<1• Tunnel / over the barrier
ionisation• Ponderomotive energy 10 –
100 eV
• Keldysh parameter >>1• Multi-photon ionisation• Ponderomotive energy 10
meV
IR:Low frequency regime
VUV FEL:Intense photon source
XFEL FEL:Highly ionizing source
• Angstrom wavelength• Direct multiphoton ionisation• Secondary processes
Optical Frequency = (Ip/2Up)1/2 -1; Up=I/4ω2 (au) Tunneling Frequency
Low-Frequency Physics Low-Frequency Physics → High Frequency→ High Frequency
•depth of field limit•lens-limited•direct
sample
Microscopy
light
lens
image
•No depth of field limit•No lens-limited•Computer-limited
Known: k-space amplitude: ISupport (outline of the object)
in real space s
Diffractiveimaging
Diffraction Microscopy
Coherent-light
CCD
Imaging with coherent x-raysImaging with coherent x-rays
X-ray free-electron lasers may enable atomic-resolution imaging of X-ray free-electron lasers may enable atomic-resolution imaging of biological macromoleculesbiological macromolecules
Combine 10Combine 1055--101077 measurements measurements
ClassificationClassification AveragingAveraging OrientationOrientation ReconstructionReconstruction
Noisy diffraction patternNoisy diffraction pattern
10-fs 10-fs pulsepulse
Particle injectionParticle injection
One pulse, one One pulse, one measurementmeasurement
H. ChapmanH. Chapman
Radiation damage Radiation damage interferes with atomic interferes with atomic positions and the positions and the atomic scattering atomic scattering factorsfactors
Janos HajduJanos Hajdu
Motivation for even Motivation for even shorter shorter xx-ray pulses-ray pulses
40%
30%
20%
15%
Relec
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1 10 100 1000
b Relectronic
Tolerable damage(single exposures)
Initial LCLSparameters
20% 30% 40%
tt /fsec /fsec
Further Further ee compression compression difficult:difficult:
Further Further ee compression compression difficult:difficult: CSR in bendsCSR in bends Undulator wakefieldsUndulator wakefields
Coulomb Explosion Coulomb Explosion of Lysozyme (50 fs) of Lysozyme (50 fs)
First image reconstructed from an ultrafast FEL diffraction pattern First image reconstructed from an ultrafast FEL diffraction pattern
1st shot at full power
2nd shot at full power
Reconstructed Image – achieved diffraction limited resolution!
Wavelength = 32 nm
1 micron
1 micron
SEM of structure etched into silicon nitride membrane
Chapman et al. Nature Physics (2006)
Edge of membrane support also reconstructed
1 LYSOZYME 5x5x5 LYSOZYMES
Nanocrystal of Nanocrystal of lysozymelysozyme
LCLS
DynamicsDynamics
Silica: 2610 Å, ΔR/R=0.03, 10 vol% in glycerol, T=-13.6C, 56000 cp
V. Trappe and A. Robert
22µm direct illumination 1k x 1k CCD
1 MHz ADC
1 s exposure 4 s overhead
sample CCD
today: 1 s
XPCS ScienceXPCS Science
LCLS ParametersTransverse Coherence
8 and 24 keV
High Time–average BrillianceRep. Rate 120 Hz
Dedicated 2D-Detector
Sequential ModeHigh Peak BrillianceShort pulse duration 100fs
Split & Delay
Ultrafast XPCSUltrafast XPCS
Peak Brilliance & Pulse Duration
pulse duration < tC< several ns
Large Q’s accessible
Split and DelaySplit and Delay
Provided by DESY/SLAC MoUPrototype existing Prototype existing
11stst Commissioning May 2007 Commissioning May 2007
pulse duration < delay < 3 ns pulse duration < delay < 3 ns
based on based on SiSi (511)(511) with with 22θθ = 90º= 90º
E=8.389 keVE=8.389 keV
Traditional Pump-probe
Delay will be achieved by optical delay and/or RF phase shiftDelay will be achieved by optical delay and/or RF phase shiftResolution limited by LCLS/laser jitter ~ 1 ps limitResolution limited by LCLS/laser jitter ~ 1 ps limit
Short Pulse Laser Excitation Impulsively Modifies Potential Energy Short Pulse Laser Excitation Impulsively Modifies Potential Energy SurfacesSurfaces
Non-thermal meltingNon-thermal meltingof InSb of InSb
Coherent phononsCoherent phononsin Biin Bi
Ultrafast X-ray Scattering Provides Direct Access to Atomic Motion on Ultrafast X-ray Scattering Provides Direct Access to Atomic Motion on non-Equilibrium Potential Energy Surfacesnon-Equilibrium Potential Energy Surfaces……characterizes the shape of the potentialcharacterizes the shape of the potential
D.M. Fritz, et al. Science 315, 633 (2007).A. Lindenberg, et al. Science 308, 392 (2005).
3-D x-ray tomographic
reconstruction of dynamic fracture
High brightness of LCLS will enable unique studies of High brightness of LCLS will enable unique studies of in situin situ material material failurefailure
Current: Post Processing x-ray scattering
• Diffraction lattice compression and phase change• SAXS sub-micron defect scattering• Diffuse dislocation content and lattice disorder
Shocked and incipiently fractured
single crystal Al slug
APSBeam
Future:Measure during pressure pulse
• LCLS will provide unprecedented fidelity to measure dynamics of the microstate with sub-picosecond resolution
Simulated x-ray scattering
Multiple and single bunch x-ray scattering from shock recovered samples in progress
LCLS
Part
icle
d
ata Free e-
Te
-300-200-100 0 100
LFCSLFCRPA Shift
Bound e-
Energy shift (eV)
-60 -40 -20 0
LFC
SLFC
RPA
Collecti
ve
R. LeeR. Lee
These complement the standard instruments, e.g., VISAR and other optical
diagnostics
LCLS enables real-time, LCLS enables real-time, in situ in situ study of deformation at high pressure and study of deformation at high pressure and strain ratestrain rate
Current Status Simulation Classical scattering
• MD simulation of FCC copper
• X-ray diffraction image using LCLS probe of the (002) shows in situ stacking fault information
0
0
Diffuse scattering from stacking fault
Peak diffraction moves from 0,0 due to relaxation of lattice under pressure
Periodic features average distance between faults
Future with LCLS Unique capabilities
• Imaging capability•Point projection imaging
• Phase contrast • High resolution (sub-µm)
•Direct determination of density contrast
• Diffraction & scattering•Detection of high pressure phase
transitions
•Lattice structure, including dislocation & defects
• Liquid structure
• Electronic structure• Ionization
• Te, f(v)
Attosecond PulsesAttosecond Pulses
SLAC Contacts:SLAC Contacts: P. Emma, Z. Huang, P. Emma, Z. Huang, et al.et al.
Impact:Impact: X-ray pulses 500 X-ray pulses 500 times shorter than times shorter than nominal LCLS nominal LCLS (2-fsec already in (2-fsec already in baseline)baseline)
Lag:Lag: 1 yr1 yr
Level:Level: StraightforwardStraightforward – – Spoiler wakefield Spoiler wakefield needs checkingneeds checking
Ref:Ref: PRL 92:074801,2004PRL 92:074801,2004, SLAC-PUB-10712SLAC-PUB-10712.
Parameters:Parameters:<400 attosecond pulses<400 attosecond pulses22101099 photons/pulse photons/pulse100 pC bunch charge100 pC bunch charge
22101099 photons photons
380 as380 as
BeBe foil foil in BC2 in BC2 chicanechicane
100 m100 m
330 m330 m
62 m62 m
FF
TB
F
FT
B
-shi
eldi
ng-s
hiel
ding
535 m535 m
LCLSLCLS with Multiple Beamlines with Multiple Beamlines
Note: Design Hall A and Hall B compatible with LCLS II Expansion
Multiple Undulators and Multiple Undulators and Fast Multi-Bunch SwitchingFast Multi-Bunch Switching
SLAC Contacts:SLAC Contacts: F.-J. Decker, P. Emma, F.-J. Decker, P. Emma, et al.et al.
Impact:Impact: Converts LCLS Converts LCLS into a user facility into a user facility with extended with extended wavelength range, wavelength range, shorter pulses, shorter pulses, and enhanced and enhanced power levelspower levels
Lag:Lag: ~10 yrs~10 yrs
Level:Level: ChallengingChallenging – – need multi-bunch need multi-bunch EE--compensation compensation (variable spacing)(variable spacing)
Ref:Ref: SLAC-PUB-10133.SLAC-PUB-10133.
Parameters:Parameters:1 to 60 bunches/RF pulse1 to 60 bunches/RF pulseUp to 8 undulatorsUp to 8 undulatorsWavelengths below 1 Wavelengths below 1 Å?Å?Pulse lengths to 1 fsecPulse lengths to 1 fsec
4.9 ns4.9 ns
up to 60 bunchesup to 60 bunches
(same again on North side)(same again on North side)
13.6 GeV Long-13.6 GeV Long-Wavelength FELWavelength FEL
SLAC Contacts:SLAC Contacts: J. Arthur, J. Hastings, Z. Huang, PE J. Arthur, J. Hastings, Z. Huang, PE
Impact:Impact: Provide soft x-ray Provide soft x-ray FEL in addition to FEL in addition to hard x-rayshard x-rays
Lag:Lag: ~5 yrs~5 yrs
Level:Level: ModerateModerate
Ref:Ref: (none yet)(none yet) 1.5-15 1.5-15 ÅÅ
10-50 10-50 ÅÅ250 MeV250 MeV
Adjustable-Gap UndulatorAdjustable-Gap Undulator
Simultaneous Operation with 1.5-Simultaneous Operation with 1.5-ÅÅ, but ½-rate, but ½-rate
Parameters:Parameters:II =3.4 kA =3.4 kA1.2 mm-mrad emittance1.2 mm-mrad emittanceσσδδ = = 1x10 1x10-4-4
ββ = 25m= 25mλλuu = 10 cm = 10 cm
K = 5~12K = 5~12B= 0.53~1.28 TB= 0.53~1.28 Tλλrr = 10 -50 = 10 -50 ÅÅ
X-FEL based on last 1-km of existing X-FEL based on last 1-km of existing SLACSLAC linac linac
LCLSLCLSLCLSLCLS
1.5-15 Å1.5-15 Å
one undulatorone undulator
2 compressors2 compressors
?
LCLS Future Options:27 GeV, = 0.8 m, 6.0 kA:
14 GeV, = 1.2 m, 3.4 kA:
LCLS Future Options:27 GeV, = 0.8 m, 6.0 kA:
14 GeV, = 1.2 m, 3.4 kA:
The SLAC linac can explore and The SLAC linac can explore and reach the limits of FEL reach the limits of FEL performance:performance:
Peak brightnessPeak brightnessFluenceFluencePulse durationPulse duration
These limits are primarily These limits are primarily determined at LOW energy:determined at LOW energy:
GunGunBunch compressionBunch compression
This is an extraordinary scientific This is an extraordinary scientific opportunityopportunityNear- and long-term payoffNear- and long-term payoff
LCLSLCLS nom. nom.LCLSLCLS soft soft
XFELXFEL27 GeV 27 GeV LCLSLCLS
Photon EnergyPhoton Energy (eV) (eV)
Pea
k B
rig
htn
ess
Pea
k B
rig
htn
ess
(pho
t./s/
mra
d (
phot
./s/m
rad22 /
mm
/mm
22 /0.
1%-B
W)
/0.1
%-B
W)
By-Pass Line to Long-By-Pass Line to Long-Wavelength FELWavelength FEL
SLAC Contacts:SLAC Contacts: J. Arthur, J. Hastings, Z. Huang, PE J. Arthur, J. Hastings, Z. Huang, PE
Impact:Impact: Provide soft x-ray Provide soft x-ray FEL in addition to FEL in addition to hard x-rays hard x-rays
Lag:Lag: ~5 yrs~5 yrs
Level:Level: Moderate Moderate (use (use ee++ PEP-II by-pass line)PEP-II by-pass line)
Ref:Ref: (none yet)(none yet)
Parameters:Parameters:
1.5-15 1.5-15 ÅÅ
10-50 10-50 ÅÅ
PEP-II PEP-II ee++
by-pass lineby-pass line
pulsed dipolespulsed dipoles
4.3 GeV4.3 GeV250 MeV250 MeV
Adjustable-Gap UndulatorAdjustable-Gap Undulator
Simultaneous Operation with 1.5-Simultaneous Operation with 1.5-ÅÅ, but ½-rate, but ½-rate
Possible after-burner undulator addedPossible after-burner undulator added
Possible locations:Possible locations:
Endstaion A or BEndstaion A or B
ESB
ESA
10-50 10-50 ÅÅ
Circular Polarization for Circular Polarization for Soft x-raysSoft x-rays
Contacts:Contacts: Y. Ding, Z. Huang Y. Ding, Z. Huang
Impact: Impact: Provide variable Provide variable polarization in the polarization in the 1-5 nm wavelength 1-5 nm wavelength rangerange
Lag:Lag: ~5 yrs~5 yrs
Level:Level: ModerateModerate – new – new undulatorundulator
Ref:Ref: none yetnone yet
Parameters:Parameters:
Parameters:Parameters:Electron energy 4.3 GeVElectron energy 4.3 GeV1.2 mm-mrad emittance1.2 mm-mrad emittanceEnergy spread 1 MeVEnergy spread 1 MeVStandard LCLS undulatorStandard LCLS undulator
planar helical
~ 2 GW (linear polarized)~ 2 GW (linear polarized)
~ 20 GW (90% circular polarized)~ 20 GW (90% circular polarized)
Six 3.4m sectionsSix 3.4m sections Two sectionsTwo sections
Two-Stage SASE FELTwo-Stage SASE FEL
Contacts:Contacts: C. Pellegrini C. Pellegrini
Impact: Impact: Short pulse, or Short pulse, or narrow bandwidth, narrow bandwidth, & wavelength is & wavelength is more stablemore stable
Lag:Lag: ~5 yrs~5 yrs
Level:Level: ModerateModerate – new – new undulator line or undulator line or upgradeupgrade
Ref:Ref: SLAC-PUB-9370SLAC-PUB-9370,TESLA-FEL-97-06E,TESLA-FEL-97-06E,SLAC-PUB-9633,SLAC-PUB-9633,SLAC-PUB-10310SLAC-PUB-10310
Parameters:Parameters:
30 fs30 fs
3030
For For LCLSLCLS, slice emittance >, slice emittance > mm will not saturate FEL… will not saturate FEL…
SASE FEL is not forgivingSASE FEL is not forgiving — instead of mild luminosity loss, — instead of mild luminosity loss, power nearly switches power nearly switches OFFOFF
Final CommentsFinal Comments
courtesy S. Reiche
PP = = PP00
NN = 1.2 = 1.2 mm
PP = = PP00/100/100NN = 2.0 = 2.0 mm
electron beamelectron beam mustmust meet brightness requirementsmeet brightness requirements