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THE LYMPHATIC THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMSYSTEM
ACHMAD AMINUDDINACHMAD AMINUDDIN
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THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMTHE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• CONSIST OF ;
- LYMPH.
- LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
- ORGANS CONTAINING LYMPHATIC
TISSUE.
- RED BONE MARROW.
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LYMPHATIC TISSUELYMPHATIC TISSUE
• IS A SPESIALIZED FORM OF RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT CONTAINS LARGE NUMBERS OF LYMPHOCYTES.
• TWO TYPE OF LYMPHOCYTES ;
- B CELLS.
- T CELLS.
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FUNCTIOS OF THE LYMPHATIC FUNCTIOS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMSYSTEM
• DRAINING EXCESS INTERSTITIAL FLUID.• TRANSPORTING DIETARY LIPID.• CARRYING OUT IMMUNE RESPONSES. - IN CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES. T cells destroy the intruders by causing them to rupture or by reali- sing cytotoxic ( cell-killing ) substances. - IN ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES. B cells differentiate into plasma cells that protec us against disease by producing antibody, proteins that combine with and cause destruction of specific foreign substances.
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LYMPHATHIC ORGAN AND LYMPHATHIC ORGAN AND TISSUE.TISSUE.
• PRIMARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS - THE SITES WHERE STEM CELLS DEVIDE AND BECOME IMMUNOCOM- PETENT, THAT IS CAPABLE OF MOUN TING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE. - RED BONE MARROW AND THYMUS. - PLURIPTENT STEM CELLS IN THE BONE MARROW GIVE RISE TO MATURE, IMMUNO COMPETENT B CELLS AND TO PRE-T CELLS WHICH MIGRATE TO AND BECOME
IMMUNOCOMPETENT T CELLS IN THE THYMUS.
• SECONDARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS
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SECONDARY LYMPHATIC SECONDARY LYMPHATIC ORGANSORGANS
• ARE THE SITES WHERE MOST IMMUNE RESPONSES OCCUR.
• INCLUDE
- LYMPH NODES.
- SPLEEN.
- LYMPHATIC NODULES.
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THYMUSTHYMUS
• IN THE MEDIASTINUM, BETWEEN THE STERNUM AND THE AORTA.
• CAPSULE – TRABECULAE – LOBULES.
• LOBULE CONSIST OF CORTEX AND MEDULLA.
• IN INFANT ABOUT 70 g, AND IN OLD AGE ABOUT 3 g.
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LYMPH NODESLYMPH NODES
• CAPSULE – TRABECULAE – COMPARTEMENTS.
• STROMA CONSIST OF CAPSULE, TRABECULAE, RETICULAR FIBER, AND FIBROBLASTS.
• PARENCHYMA ;
- CORTEX.
- MEDULLA.
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SPLEENSPLEEN
• LOCATED IN THE LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION BETWEEN THE STOMACH AND DIAPHRAGM.
• STROMA CONSIST OF CAPSULE, TRABECULAE, RETICULAR FIBERS AND FIBROBLASTS.
• THE PARENCHYMA CONSIST OF ; - WHITE PULP. - RED PULP.
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LYMPHATIC NODULESLYMPHATIC NODULES
• SCATTERED THROUGHOUT THE LAMINA PROPRIA LINING THE GASTROINTESTINAL, GENITOURINARY AND RESPIRATORY TRACTS.
• MULTIPLE LARGE AGGREGATION ;
- TONSILS IN THE PHARYNGEAL
REGION.
- PEYER’S PATCHES IN THE ILEUM.
- IN THE APPENDIX.
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MATURATION OF T CELLS AND MATURATION OF T CELLS AND B CELLS.B CELLS.
• T CELLS AND B CELLS DEVELOP IN PRIMARY LYMPHATIC ORGAN ( RED BONE MARROW AND THYMUS ).
• B CELLS COMPLETE THEIR DEVELOPMENT IN RED BONE MARROW.
• T CELLS DEVELOP FROM PRE T CELLS THAT MIGRATE FROM BONE MARROW INTO THE THYMUS, WHERE THEY MATURE.
• BEFORE T CELLS LEAVE THE THYMUS OR B CELLS LEAVE RED BONE MARROW, THEY BEGIN TO MAKE ANTIGEN RECEPTOR THAT ARE INSERTED INTO THEIR PLASMA MEMBRANE.
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ANTIGENANTIGEN
• ANTIGEN - IMMUNOGENICITY. - REACTIVITY.• CHEMICAL NATURE - T CELLS respond only to antigen made up of proteins. - B CELLS respond to antigen made of proteins, certain lipid, carbohydrates and nucleic acids.
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EPITOPESEPITOPES
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DIVERSITY OF ANTIGEN DIVERSITY OF ANTIGEN RECEPTORRECEPTOR
• The basis for the ability to recognize so many epitopes is an equally large diversity of antigen receptor.
• The diversity of antigen receptors in both B cells and T cells is the result of shuffling and rearranging a few hundred versuions of several small gene segments ( genetic recombination ).
• After transcription and translation, the receptor molecules are inserted into the plasma membrane.
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MAJOR HISTOCOMPTABILITY MAJOR HISTOCOMPTABILITY COMPLEX ANTIGENSCOMPLEX ANTIGENS
• MHC molecules mark the surface of each of the body cells except r.b.c.
• Important role in transplantation.• Help T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign,
not self.• Two types ; - class I MHC ( MHC I ) molecules are built into the plasma membrane of all body cells, except r.b.c cells. - class II MHC ( MHC II ) molecules appear on the surface of antigen-presenting
cells.
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PATHWAYS OF ANTIGEN PATHWAYS OF ANTIGEN PROCESSINGPROCESSING
• For an immune response to occur, B cell and T cells must recognize that a foreign antigen is present.
• B cells can recognize and bind to antigen in lymph, interstitial fluid or blood plasma.
• T cells only recognize fragment of antigenic proteins that are processed and presented in certain way
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PROCESSING OF EXOGENOUS PROCESSING OF EXOGENOUS ANTIGENSANTIGENS
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PROCESSING OF ENDOGENOUS PROCESSING OF ENDOGENOUS ANTIGENSANTIGENS
• Endogenous antigens ; foreign antigen that are synthesized inside body cells
• Fragments of endogenous antigens associate with MHC I molecules inside infected cells.
• The resulting endogenous antigen fragment – MHC I complex then move to the plasma membrane, where it is presented at the surface of the cell.
• Most cells of the body can process and present endogenous antigens.
• The dysplay of an endogenous antigen bound to an MHC – I molecule signals that a cells has been infected and needs help.
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CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITYCELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
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ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITYANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
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ACTIONS OF ANTIBODIESACTIONS OF ANTIBODIES
• NEUTRALIZING ANTIGEN.
• IMMOBILIZING BACTERIA.
• AGGLUTINATING AND PRECIPITATING ANTIGEN.
• ACTIVATING COMPLEMENT.
• ENHANCING PHAGOCYTOSIS.
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CLASSES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINCLASSES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN
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COMPLEMENTCOMPLEMENT
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