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The Marks and Modes of LiteraturePART 1
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Marks of Great Literature
concepts found in all great literature - building blocks; basic
I. theme - recurring or emerging ideas in a work; life truth the author is trying to communicate
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I. Imaginative Comparison and Sound & Syntax
A. Imaginative comparison - figurative language - describing "things" in new and different ways
B. Sound - the way words sound; repetition;pleasing-sounding words; harsh, discordant words
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C. Syntax - order of words, phrases, sentences, ideas
II. Organization of Sound & Syntax
A. Less obvious than figurative language
B. Syntax - revealed through repetition & parallelism
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Ex: "A penny saved is a penny earned. -Ben Franklin
S & V
repetition: penny
parallelism: penny saved penny earned
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C. Sound -
euphony - words that are pleasant & musical to the ear
Ex: "Calm as the sea, the waves working less and less." - Surrey
cacophony - words that sound harsh or discordant; require lips, tongue, & teeth to do more work
Ex: "Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw." - "Lycidas" (Milton)
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III. Biblical Illustration - Gen 2:23 - write this poem in your notes
This is now bone of my bone,
And flesh of my flesh:
She shall be called woman Because she was taken out
of man.
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IV. Allusion, Symbol, Irony -
A. modes of expressing theme, figurative language, & sound & syntax
B. all 3 add layers of meaning beyond the actual written words
NOTE: the extent to which these marks & modes are used determine the poetic level of literature
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NOTE: the extent to which these marks & modes are used determine the poetic level of literature
artful literature arranged in rhythmic (sometimes rhyming as well) lines is poetry
literature not rhythmic or rhyming is prose - figurative language, sound, syntax, allusion, symbol, & irony still important in prose
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