Download - The Microbial World and YOU
The Microbial World and YOUChapter 1
With the person sitting next to you,make a list of all the microorganisms that have either helped or harmed you in your life.
MICROORGANISMS• Tiny organisms usually too small to be
seen with the naked eye• Diseases and illnesses
– AIDS, infections, food poisoning
• Commercial applications– Vitamins, enzymes, drugs
• Important to Ecosystem– Bottom of food chain, decomposers,
photosynthesizers
• Food Industry– Vinegar, pickles, cheese, yogurt and bread
MicrobesMicrobes
FUNGI
EukaryotesUnicellular or multiSexual or asexualDecomposersHyphae and
mycelia
BACTERIAProkaryotesUnicellularPeptidoglycan in cell wallsBinary fissionSeveral shapesFlagella
ARCHAEA
ProkaryoticCell walls lack peptidoglycanExtreme environments
E. coli 10000x magnification
Crenarchaeota, ammonia oxidizing
Entoloma hochstetteri New Zealand
ALGAE
Eukaryotes
Photosynthetic
Cell walls of cellulose
Uni or multicellular
PROTOZOA
Eukaryotes
Unicellular
Variety of shapes and sizes
Sexual or asexual
VIRUSES
Not alive
Nucleic acid and protein
Reproduce only with host machinery
Parasitic
HELMINTHS
Flat and round worms
Microscopic at some point of life cycle
HIV
Review of Nomenclature
• Carolus Linneus• Two name• Genus (capitalized) species (not capitalized)– Examples: Homo sapiens, Bos taurus
• After mentioned, abbreviated with the initial of the genus and the full species name. – Examples: H. sapiens, B. taurus
• Except when it is as the beginning of the sentence
BRIEF HISTORY
HOOKE(1665): observed first cell
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LEEUWENHOEK(1676): 1st live microorganismHobbie collecting microscopes
(400+)
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MORE HISTORY
Spontaneous Generation Debate (1861)
REDI: maggots on meatNEEDHAM/SPALLANZANI:
boiled broth “vital force”
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PASTEUR: curved flask, orgs are present in nonliving matter
• Fermentation (conversion of sugar to alcohol)
• Pasteurization (high heat for short amount of time to kill bacteria that causes spoilage)
Louis Pasteur
• Redi’s Experiment
Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air inMicrobes got caught in the curveConcluded: microbes are present in nonliving matter-air,
liquids, solids
HISTORY CONT….PASTEUR: Germ theory of disease: 1
microorganisms causes 1 disease (after work done by Semmelweis)
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– 1865: silkworm disease caused by protozoanLISTER (1860s): applied germ theory to medical
procedures– Used disinfectants (phenol solution)
KOCH (1876): discovered Bacillus anthracis (bacteria that was destroying cattle)– Koch’s postulates– Est. sequence for directly relating microbe to
diseaseJENNER(1796): smallpox vaccination (vacca = cow)http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=360030B4-31D2-4083-989C-18C2AEA1B308&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
Koch
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
HISTORY CONT….
Ehrlich (1910):chemotherapy revolution– Found “magic bullet”– something to hunt down and
destroy pathogen without harming host
– Salvarsan (arsenic derivative against syphilis)
– Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=360030B4-31D2-4083-989C-
18C2AEA1B308&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
Fleming (1928): 1st antibioticPenicillium notatumhttp://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=360030B4-31D2-4083-989C-
18C2AEA1B308&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
HUMAN WELFAREHUMAN WELFARE
• Microbial Ecology– recycle elements of soil and atmosphere
• Sewage Treatment– Bacteria convert organics into CO2, NH3, CH4, etc
• Bioremediation– Remove toxins from wells, chemical spills, toxic waste sites and oil spills
– Pseudomanas and Bacillus
• Insect pest Control– Bacillus thuringiensis - alfalfa caterpillars, corn borers, cabbageworms, etc.
• Biotechnology– Recombinant DNA– Gene therapy
• Microbial Ecology– recycle elements of soil and atmosphere
• Sewage Treatment– Bacteria convert organics into CO2, NH3, CH4, etc
• Bioremediation– Remove toxins from wells, chemical spills, toxic waste sites and oil spills
– Pseudomanas and Bacillus
• Insect pest Control– Bacillus thuringiensis - alfalfa caterpillars, corn borers, cabbageworms, etc.
• Biotechnology– Recombinant DNA– Gene therapy
HUMAN DISEASE
• Normal microbiota (flora)– WHY?
• Biofilms: complex aggregation of microbes– Tongue (pictured below)
• Infectious diseases• Movie: Emerging Diseases
Question for you…..
• Advertisements tell you that bacteria and viruses are all over your home and that you need to buy antibacterial cleaning products. Should you?
Works Cited• http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/Ammonia-Loving-Archaea-Win-Landslide-Majority-2.jpg]
• http://img2.scoop.co.nz/stories/images/0705/d40ac49a6df120748719.jpeg
• http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/stentor.html
• http://cleantechnica.com/files/2008/07/106253991_ebf50013a0_m.jpg
• http://www.scumdoctor.com/images/Pictures-Of-Human-Worm-Parasites.jpg
• http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/c/bgpa/pub/stories/events/images/autumn_workshops/thumbnails/linneaus.jpg