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The Mole
Chapter 10
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How do you measure?
Often measure something by one of three different methods- by counting by mass by volume
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How about them apples
By count: 1 dozen = 12 applesBy mass: 1 dozen = 2.0 kg of applesBy volume: 1 dozen = 0.2 bushels To do this you must use conversion
factors
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Practice Problems
If 0.20 bushel is 1 dozen apples & a dozen apples has a mass of 2.0 kg, what is the mass of 0.50 bushel of apples?
Assume 2.0 kg of apples is 1 dozen and that each apple has 8 seeds. How many apple seeds are in 14 kg of apples?
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What is a mole?
6.02 x1023 also known as Avogadro’s number
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000Considers the very small size of atomsHelps with the conversion of units
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But What is a Mole???
6.02x1023 representative particles are in each and every mole
SI unit of measuring the amount of a substance
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Representative particle
AtomsMoleculesFormula units
A mole of any substance contains Avogadro’s number of representative particles
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Converting Number of particles to moles
Equation
This equation can be placed in a unit conversion to find the number of particles
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Practice Problem
Magnesium is a light metal used in the manufacture of aircraft, automobile wheels, tools and garden furniture. How many moles of magnesium is 1.25 * 10 23 atoms of magnesium?
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Converting Moles to Number of Particles
Determining how many atoms are in one mole of a compound
This number is discovered from the formula:
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Molecules and Atoms
How many moles are in one CO2
molecule?A mole of CO2 of contains 1 Avogadro’s
number of carbon dioxide moleculesHowever, there are 3 atoms in every 1
molecule of carbon dioxide So, there are 3 moles worth of atoms in every
1 moles worth of carbon dioxide molecules
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Converting Moles to Number of Particles
To find the number of atoms, molecules, representative particles in a mole of a compound, you must first determine the number of representative particles, then you can use the following equation
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Practice Problems
Propane is a gas used for cooking & heating. How many atoms are in 2.12 mole of propane (C3H8)?
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The mass of a mole of an element
The atomic mass of a single atom is expressed as atomic mass units
Atomic mass units is the atomic mass expressed in grams
What is the atomic
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Molar Mass of an element
Mass of one mole of an elementExample:
1 mole of gold weighs 196 g What is the mass of 1 mole of Magnesium?
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Pop Quiz What is the molar mass of oxygen?
What is the molar mass of carbon?
What is the molar mass of hydrogen?
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Molar Mass
To calculate the molar mass of a compound: Find the number of grams of each element in
one mole of the compound. Then add the masses of the elements in the
compound
Applies to ionic & molecular compoundsEx: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 44 g/mol
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Finding Molar Mass of Sulfur Trioxide
Determine how many atoms of each element are in the compound
Add up the masses of all the atoms
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Mole-Mass and Mole-Volume Relationships10.2
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Mole to Mass Relationship
Molar Mass = mass of 1 mole of a substance
We can determine the mass of a substance through the number of moles it contains
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Practice Problem
Determine the mass of 5 moles of NaCl. Use the following equation
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Converting Mass to Moles
Given a massConvert to moles
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The Mole-Volume Relationship
Avagadro’s hypothesis: Equal volumes of gases at
the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of particles
Change in temperature or pressure will change the volume
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Figure 10.9 In each container, the volume occupied by the gas molecules is small compared with the container ユ s volume, so the molecules are not tightly packed. a. The molecules in this container are small. b. This container can accommodate the same number of larger molecules.
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Change in Temperature
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Standard Temperature & Pressure (STP)
We usually measure volume at STP Temperature: 0oC Pressure: 101.3 kPa or 1 atm
At STP, 1 mol or 6.02x1023
rep particles, of any gas
occupies a volume of 22.4L22.4L = molar Volume
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Calculating Volume at STP
Molar volume can be used to convert the known number of moles to the volume of a gas at STP
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Calculating Molar Mass from Density
Density of a gas at STP and the molar volume at STP (22.4L/mol) can be used to calculate the molar mass of a gas
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The Mole Road Map
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Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas10.3
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Percent Composition
Relative amounts of elements in a compound Also known as the percent by mass of each
element in the compound
We can use a simple formula to determine % composition
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Percent Composition from Mass Data
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Use of analytical procedures to determine the relative masses of each element in the compound and calculate the percent composition
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Percent Composition from the Chemical FormulaIf you know the formula you can calculate
the percent composition using the following
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Figure 10.14 The percent composition of water is always the same regardless of the volume of the water sample. A sample of water is always 11.1% H and 88.9% O by mass.
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Percent Composition as a Conversion FactorUse percent composition to calculate the
number of grams of any element in a specific mass of a compound
Multiply mass of compound by a conversion factor based on the percent composition
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Practice Problem
How much C & H are in 82.0 g of propane You found that propane is 81.8% C and 18% H. That means that in a 100-g sample of propane,
you would have 81.8 g of C and 18 g of H. You can use the ratio
to calculate the mass of carbon contained in
82.0 g of propane (C3H8).
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Empirical Formula
Lowest whole number ratio of the atoms of the elements in a compound
Example: H2O2 or Hydrogen Peroxide The ratio is 1:1 even though there are two
atoms of each element in the compound
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Calculating Empirical Formula
Convert your percent and express as moles
Convert from grams to moles using your mole ratio
Divide each by the lower number of moles
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Molecular Formula
Either the same as its empirical formulaOr a simple whole number multiple of its
empirical formula
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