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The Nile, Egypt
River Regulation
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The Nile River
• River data• Key concepts
– Discharge– Control of flow– Population and crops
• Irrigation• Controlling the river
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The Nile River
• River is longest in world: 6825 km• Basin: 3 000 000 km2
• Egypt is essentially arid: < 100 mm/yr
• Nile provides 50 more water than rainfall
• Flows through 8 countries
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Nile River Basin
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Discharge
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Key Concepts
• Nile River Q in Egypt, the only major source of surface water in that country, is derived from P in tropical latitudes influenced by the ITCZ (White Nile) and monsoon P in Ethiopia (Blue Nile)
• All Nile Q is now controlled by storage behind dams (Egypt and Sudan) and used primarily for irrigation
• Food production in Egypt is not sufficient to meet domestic demand, even with total control of the Nile
Source: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/U4735/projections/conceptsNile.html
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PrecipitationAddis Ababa, Ethiopia (8.98°N 38.79°E) Average Monthly Rainfall
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Rai
nfa
ll (
mm
)
Kampala, Uganda (0.32°N 32.60°E) Average Monthly Rainfall
0
50
100
150
200
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Rai
nfa
ll (
mm
)
Source of the Blue Nile
Monsoonal rains can bring a flood
(5 months < 50 mm)
Source of the White Nile
Equatorial consistent rainfall
Provides Nile base flow
All months over 50 mm
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Crop Areas in Egypt
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Population
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Crop Land Area
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Remote Sensing
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Irrigation Systems in EgyptUp to early 19th century: Basin Irrigation
one crop per year following monsoon flooding(peak flood levels in Aug/Sept)
During 19th century: Barrage and Irrigation Canal Constructionpermit irrigation during low river stage and extend crops to summer months preceding flood
- driving force was cotton crop (summer crop)
Early 20th century: Storage Dam at Aswanextended area under summer cotton croplevel of Dam raised in 1930s and more barrage construction: maximum storage capacity~2 months of "mean" discharge
Mid 20th century: Beginning of Tile Drainage and Drainage Canal Networkdriving force was rising water table and need to extend crops into areas closer to sea level
at margins of Delta
~1960: Initial Drainage Pump StationsLate 1960's: Completion of High Dam at Aswan and Large Expansion of Drainage
Pump Stationspermits continuous cropping of entire Nile Deltaup to 3 crops/year depending on rotation
Current: Collection of Drainage Water for Reuse, Especially in Northern Sinai. Future: Sudd Bypass Canal in Sudan
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Aswan High Dam
• Opened 1971: 111 m high, 3820 m long, 980 m thick at base, 40 m thick at top
• Reservoir (Lake Nasser) surface area: 5000 km2, volume of 164 km3, 270 km long
• 125 000 people resettled, 22 ancient temples relocated
• Series of locks control the river height• Irrigation canals
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Discharge Change
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Dam Advantages
• Power Supply: 64% of Egypt’s electricity
• Flood and drought protection: regulation
• Food production: irrigation allowed former desert
to be cultivated (doubled area); 3 crops/year
means less import; cash crops
• Transport: locks allow trade and cruise ships
• Lake Nasser fishing industry: bass, catfish, carp
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Dam Disadvantages• Water loss: surface area & heat cause huge evaporation• Silt: suspended silt held back – 2% of former loads passes – loss
of fertilising potential, crop yields reduced; also deposit reduces Lake Nasser capacity – 100 yr to be full
• Fishing industry: nutrients from silt entering Mediterranean no longer reaches sea – sardine, mackerel, shrimp and lobster industries near mouth are devastated – jobs, economic loss and protein source lost
• Salinity and waterlogging: from extensive irrigation• Brick industry: silt reduction means topsoil must be used• Erosion: silt free/clear water erodes riverbed and delta• Earthquakes: possible trigger is weight of Lake Nasser water• Disease: water-related diseases increased – schistosomiasis,
Bilharzia and malaria near irrigation canals – still water promotes mosquitoes breeding
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References
• Kleeman, G (ed.) 2000, A Geography of Global Interactions 1, Reed International Books, Sydney, pp 87-96
• http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/U4735/lectures/06.html
• http://www.thesykesfamily.net/Images/DSCN0925.JPG
• http://www.earthkam.ucsd.edu/public/images/graphics/annotated/nile_river.jpg
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/flood/images/nileriver.jpeg
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt
• http://uregina.ca/piwowarj/geog100/images/AswanDam_7_29_02.jpe