Download - The philosophical foundations of education
Foundations of Education1st Semester AY 2012-2013
The Philosophical Foundations of Education
Lorie-Ann V. PlacidoMAIP
Topic Outline
The Philosophy of the Renaissance Period
Modern Philosophies of Education
Renaissance Period
Monalisa by Leonardo Da Vinci
Pieta by Michelangelo
Renaissance Period
Gutenburg Perfect Printing C. Columbus discovered America
Renaissance Period
Columbus discovers the earth revolved
around the sunMartin Luther founded a new
religion
The Philosophy of the Renaissance Period Most authorities agree that modern times began
with the RENAISSANCE.
It was a general re-awakening, a revival or rebirth of learning.
The renaissance upheld the dignity of the human being, renewed the spirit of nationalism.
It is also the time for increased trade among countries, and a period of exploration.
This lead to scientific research which was used to solve problems.
Books were printed and thus were made more widely available.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
Humanism The Reformation Protestant Reformation Catholic-Counter Reformation Realism Disciplinism Rationalism Naturalism Nationalism Developmentalism
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period - HUMANISM
Derived from studia humanitatis which means “studies of humanity”
This movement started in the early part of the 14th century.
This period was marked by a revival of the classical influences of the Romans and Greeks, expressed in the flowering of the arts and literature as well as the beginning of modern science (Duca:1998)
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period - HUMANISM
It was a way of life concerned with the fullest realization of human development.
It may be traced to the saying of Protagoras, “Man is the measure of all things, of those that are, that they are, of those that are not, that they are not” (Tulio:1999)
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period - HUMANISM
Humanistic Education was the outgrowth of the renaissance. It identified two phases:
1. Italian or individual humanism
2. Social humanism
1. Italian or individual humanism
This stressed personal culture, individual freedom and the
development
of the elite group.
Popular Humanist during this time:
DANTEALIGHIERI
Author of DivineComedy
Popular Humanist during this time:
Petrarch
A prolific writerand a
progressive
thinker
Popular Humanist during this time:
Da Feltre
A scholar andeducator whoopened the
schoolsfor the poor
1. Social Humanism
this gave moreemphasis on
moraland social
reformsas the best
meansfor providing
richand full lives
for all
Popular Humanist during this time:
Erasmus
- a Dutch scholar
- Known for his educational works “Liberal Education of children” & On the Order of Study”
HUMANISM contributed the following to education:
1. Allowed the development of educational talent.
2. Encouraged involvement and participation in all educational opportunities.
3. Encouraged students toward actualization and self fulfillment.
4. Placed a premium on humanity and individual potential.
5. Introduced innovations in teaching methods.
6. Stimulated creativity and independence among students.
7. Increased person to person interaction.
This was one of the movements during the 16th century directed against the practices of Roman Catholic Church.
Reformation was not merely a reform in religious doctrine. It involved political, economic, moral, philosophical and institutional changes.
Credit to its success was MARTIN LUTHER, an Augustinian monk and professor of theology at the newly-established University of Wittenburg.
He was threatened with excommunication from the Catholic faith,
LUTHER and other protestant reformers, formed a movement called “Protestant Reformation”
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – THE REFORMATION
• The aim of Protestant Reformers was religious moralism – living a worthy life would guarantee a glorious after life.
• Education must provide adequate training in the duties at home.
• It also promoted parental discipline and a sound family life as a foundations of a good government.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – THE REFORMATION – Protestant Reformation
3 Types of Protestant Schools
1. Vernacular school. This was organized for popular education. The educational system was compulsory.
2. Secondary School. The protestant reformation gained greatest strides in the secondary level.
3. University School. Trained the masses and other future leaders.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – THE REFORMATION – Protestant Reformation
Popular scholar during this time:
Melanchtion
- One of the greatest
Scholars who made a
Survey of what was in
Germany.
-the outcome of which
became the basis of the
SAXONY Plan toestablish a
secondaryschool in every townunder the control of
thestate.
Popular scholar during this time:
Melanchtion
Methods used in school were:
Reading Correct pronunciation of words Memorization of answers from the
Gospel Hymns and Psalms
Eventually, classroom instruction became more
rigid, discipline was harsh and religiousIndoctrination was the chief method
used.
This was another movement intended to clarify doctrine and improve the practices of the catholic practices of the Catholic Church.
This aimed to develop an unquestioning obedience to the authority of the church
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION
The different religious congregation also stressed
their own aims:
The Jesuit schools were designated to train leaders
The Christian Brothers
Jansenists will teach spiritual salvation.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION
Jesuits schools were designated to train leaders
through the following:
1. Doing a small amount of work at a time and doing it well.
2. Two steps in the teaching method: pre selection and repetition.
3. Adapting the lesson to the abilities and interests of the children.
4. Student participation through the question and answer method.
5. Repetition for mastery.6. Review7. Motivation by rivalry and emulation.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION
Realism maintained that education should be concerned with actualization of life.
They believed that the new type of education should be developed to prepare the child for the concrete duties of practical living.
The difference between realist, humanist and reformers gave rise to various groups of realists.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – REALISM
1. Verbal Realist aimed at complete knowledge and understanding of human society and to fit the individual to the environment in which he lived.
3 Famous verbal realists
a. Vives
b. Rabelais
c. Milton
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – REALISM – various groups
Popular scholar during this time:Vives (Spanish) believed that
educationshould develop personality. To do
this ateacher should study each pupil
individuallyadapt school work.
Popular scholar during this time:Rabelais (French)stressed that the aim
oflearning was thedevelopment of a
wholeperson
Popular scholar during this time:
Milton (English) said that
education was to prepare
for actual living
2. Social Realists were members of the aristocracy who claimed that education should best develop man’s contact with people and their activities rather than through books.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – REALISM – various groups
Popular scholar during this time:
Montaigne – a famous social realists. He proposed a broad social education that would make young aristocrats “men of the world”
3. Sense Realists emphasized a practical type of education that stressed scientific training. They favored democratic education and the uses of vernacular.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – REALISM – various groups
Popular scholar during this time:
Comenius had
More symphathy
for themasses and
heChampionededucation for
all.
Popular scholar during this time:
Mulcasteremphasized
thatchildren must
beStudiedthoroughly,
theirinnate abilitiesshould
respected.He
recommends
that games, play,
exercise intandem withLearning.
Popular scholar during this time:
BaconStressed
man’sdominance
overthings. He
usedthe inductivemethod oflearning.
Popular scholar during this time:
RatkeEmphasized
thedevelopment
of anatural
methodof teaching.Repetition heinsisted must
bedone as often
aspossible. He
alsoprescribed
thatlearning
throughsenses must
firstBe done
beforeexploration.
It was the two doctrine characterized by two reactions during the 1st half of the 18th century: the rise of formal discipline; and the development of reason or rationalism.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – DISCIPLINISM
Popular scholar during this time:
John LockeStronglyAdvocated thedisciplinary
theoryof education in
hisSome ThoughtsConcerningEducationbelieving that
themind of the
childat birth was ablank tablet ortabula rasa
It was the movement that upheld the right of each individual to his own opinion, liberty of conscience and freedom of thought.
This was considered as the age of REASON, some times known as the AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – RATIONALISM
The most influential movement of the 18th century which stood for education in accordance with nature.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – NATURALISM
Popular scholar during this time:
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Believed that the
basic tenet ofnaturalism wasconviction and
thatthe natural
growthof children in aNaturalEnvironmentConstitutedAdequateeducation.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – NATURALISM – Key Concepts and the Educators role based on the Doctrine of Naturalism accdg, to Tulio.
Key Concepts Naturalist Education
1. Education must satisfy the basic needs of man as an individual.
2. Education is geared to individual growth each child.
-it is the role of education to provide knowledge and skills that are fundamental forces within the individual to seek satisfaction.
-Believes that each child follows a logical pattern of growth and development and that education must be attuned to these natural patterns.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – NATURALISM – Key Concepts and the Educators role based on the Doctrine of Naturalism accdg, to Tulio.
Key Concepts Naturalist Education
3. Education is not simply mental in nature.
4. Students educate themselves
-Advocates the education of both mind and body. Encourages the development of moral character, discipline and physical well being.
-Education involves self activity Activities are offered for exploratory purposes and for the development of aesthetics and self expression.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – NATURALISM – Key Concepts and the Educators role based on the Doctrine of Naturalism accdg, to Tulio.
Key Concepts Naturalist Education
5. The teacher has an awareness of the nature of the child.
6. Teacher as a guide in the intellectual process,
-Awareness that natural environment is responsible for the development of the individual differences, each child has a distinct learning needs that require individualized learning activities.
-The education and instruction used must be based on the understanding level of the children to naturally develop them according to their needs and interests.
The rapid rise of nationalism in the 19th century stimulated the development of the state-controlled and state supported public school system because naturalism focused on the patriotic citizenship.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – NATIONALISM
The salient points brought about by naturalist education.
1. Grammar became the leading subject in the curriculum.
2. Acquisition of knowledge and skills through the 3r’s
3. Use of the “project method” which gave pupils a chance to work on actual practical problems.
4. Increase in public funds to support colleges and universities.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – NATIONALISM
This was a child centered theory that emphasized a careful study of the child. Developmentalists viewed education as a natural process, a growth and unfolding of innate talents and potentials.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – DEVELOPMENTALISM
Popular scholar during this time:
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
He combinedphysical, moral,intellectual andmanual work in
hisaim to“psychologizeeducation”.
Popular scholar during this time:
Johnann Freidrich Herbart
His central principle
was that ideas are
developed in themind throughexternal stimuli.
Popular scholar during this time:
Friedrich Froebel
His theory was based on the concept of the absolute as a creative force.
Formulated 5 basic principles of teaching.
The Principle of Self Activity The Principle of Interest The Principle of Apperception Principle of Individual Difference Principle of Socialization.
Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period – DEVELOPMENTALISM
This school of thought holds that knowledge is independent of sense perception or experience.
This also claims that man’s knowledge is based on his mental state and the mental stimulus perceived by man’s soul comes from an infinite spirit which is God.
The idealist expects the teachers to be role models of intellectual, moral, aesthetic, and vocational excellence to their students.
They should teach by example.
MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION - Idealism
This school of thought holds that knowledge is independent of sense perception or experience.
This also claims that man’s knowledge is based on his mental state and the mental stimulus perceived by man’s soul comes from an infinite spirit which is God.
The idealist expects the teachers to be role models of intellectual, moral, aesthetic, and vocational excellence to their students.
They should teach by example.
MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION - Progressivism
It is a philosophical doctrine which emphasize the freedom of human beings to make choices, in a world where there is no absolute values outside man itself.
The decisions that a man makes will enable him to realize what kind of person he will be and will make him distinct from other people.
And if a person has developed and is aware of his own identity, he will be able to find meaning and purpose for his existence.
Education to the existentialist should enable man to make choices for his life.
MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION - Existentialism
It is an philosophical theory that ascribes ultimate reality to essence embodied in a thing perceptible to the senses.
In education, it is a philosophy holding that certain basic ideas and skills or disciplines essential to one’s culture are formulable and should be taught to all alike by certain time-tested methods.
MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION - Essentialist
IdealismPragmantismProgressivismExistentialismEssentialism
MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION
Pragmantism• It claims that the child’s growth
and development as an individual depend on his experiences and self activity.
• Emphasizes that educational concern must be on the child’s interest, desires and the learners freedom as a an individual rather than the subject matter.
• Adheres to the ideas that thinking and reasoning should be emphasized, and that good
MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION