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Tomo Lazovich PhD and Kelly Brock PhD
DayCon 2016
The Physics of Sports
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Sports require feats of both strength and agility
Gifs courtesy OlympicsUSA:
olympicsusa.tumblr.com
Bryan Tong Minh/CC-BY:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Judo_Morot
e_Seoi_Nage_by_Bryan_small.gif
Benjamin Nunez Gonzalez/CC-BY:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1_Kitesurfin
g_in_Tarifa,_Spain,_2015.gif
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Studying mathletics gives a competitive advantage
• Using the power of the force• Coaching tip #1: Be efficient!• Coaching tip #2: Slow down the slowing down
process!
• Making things fly through the air• Ball speed crucial• Angling for good angles
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Cheerleading: team work (and physics) make the dream work!
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A force is a push or pull
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_388165_Beach_tu
g_of_war_at_Southport,_1917.jpg
When forces are balanced, nobody moves!
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A force is a push or pull
http://www.vh1.com/news/wp-
content/uploads/blog.vh1.com/2014/09/Nicole-Tug-1409870118.gif
When forces are imbalanced, speeds or directions change!
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Gravity accelerates objects toward Earth
0 seconds – 0 m/s
1 seconds – 9.8 m/s(4.9 m)
2 seconds – 19.6 m/s(19.6m)
Gravity pulls on
objects with mass
(and therefore exerts
a force!)
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Understanding forces can help us understand stunting
Fg
FStunt
Fg
FN
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Coaching tip #1: Don’t exert more force than necessary!
Fg
FStunt
Fg
FStunt
Part of force not
counteracting
gravity!
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Force distribution important in ice skating too!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1U-EUsrIiU
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We can build even higher structures
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Questions?
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Athletes in motion – moving from statics to dynamics
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Safety is the most important aspect
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Time to decelerate determines the force you experience
https://www.reddit.com/r/photoshopbattles/comments/24gnx1/a_bear_falling_from_a_tree_onto_a_
police_mat/
Small force
on bear
LARGE
force
on
bear!!!
Time to
stop
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Current regulations governed by deceleration concerns
Shields, B and G Smith. J Athl Train.
2009 Nov-Dec; 44(6): 595–602.
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Coaching tip #2: CATCH HIGH
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Another application: Rugby!
PierreSelim/CC-BY: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-
out_(rugby_union)#/media/File:ST_vs_LOU_-_21.jpg
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Human pyramids galore!
Castellersvilafrance/GFDL:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castell#/media/File:4de9agulla_1.JPG
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Questions?
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Studying mathletics gives a competitive advantage
• Using the power of the force• Coaching tip #1: Be efficient!• Coaching tip #2: Slow down the slowing down
process!
• Making things fly through the air• Ball speed crucial• Angling for good angles
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What happens when things move both vertically and horizontally?
https://summitinternational.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/free-
golf-games2.jpg
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Home runs require a lot of talent…and physics!
UCInternational/CC-BY:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ortiz#/media/File:DavidOrtiz.JPG
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How far does a home run go?
Data courtesy of ESPN Home Run Tracker:
http://www.hittrackeronline.com/
Average
~ 397 feet
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What determines how far a ball will travel?
Fizped/CC-BY:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectile_motion#/media/File:Ferde_hajit
as1.svg
Two main factors:
• Ball speed after hit
• Ball angle
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Higher ball speed longer distance
Data courtesy of ESPN Home Run Tracker:
http://www.hittrackeronline.com/
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Why is angle important?
• Angle determines how much of the ball’s speed goes into the vertical and horizontal directions
• Vertical component: how long ball stays in the air
• Horizontal component: how far the ball goes during
that time interval
Steep angle Shallow angle
vy
vx
vvy
vx
v
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Angle helps determine distance
Data courtesy of ESPN Home Run Tracker:
http://www.hittrackeronline.com/
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Angle helps determine distance
Googie Man/CC-BY:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitting_mechanics#/media/File:Chase_
Utley_Home_Run.jpg
Philpottm/CC-BY:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_(baseball)#/media/File:Marcu
s_Thames_Tigers_2007.jpg
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Questions?
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Momentum
Momentum = Mass x Velocity
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Asashoryu
_Jan08.JPGhttps://static.pexels.com/photos/50704/car-race-ferrari-
racing-car-pirelli-50704.jpeg
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Ball exit speed • How fast does ball go after being hit?
• Determined by pitch speed and bat speed
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Both swing speed and bat weight are important
Illustration by Intaroute/Popular Mechanics: http://www.popularmechanics.com/adventure/sports/a4569/4216783/
Based on research by Prof. Daniel Russell: http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/bats/batw8.html
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Important for other sports also!
Keith Allison/CC:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Brady_(
cropped).jpg
Larry A. Simmons/CC:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_New_England_Patriots_s
eason#/media/File:J.P._Losman_tackled_in_the_end_zone
_by_Ty_Warren_2006-09-10.jpg
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Important for other sports also!
Shizao/CC:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Basketball_sh
oot_1.jpg
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Important for other sports also!
Norman Bailey/CC:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Donna_Smith_throwin
g_javelin,_1992_Paralympics.jpg
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Studying mathletics gives a competitive advantage
• Using the power of the force• Coaching tip #1: Be efficient!• Coaching tip #2: Slow down the slowing down
process!
• Making things fly through the air• Ball speed crucial• Angling for good angles
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Thank you!SITN would like to acknowledge the following
organizations for their generous support.
Harvard Medical SchoolOffice of Communications and External Relations
Division of Medical Sciences
The Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS)
The Harvard Graduate Student Council (GSC)
The Harvard Biomedical Graduate Students Organization (BGSO)
The Harvard/MIT COOP