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The Potential of UAV Imagery in Research and Decision Making
Dr. Asmala Ahmad & Mr. Yazid Abu Sari
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What is UAV?
• An unmanned aerial vehicle: an aircraftpiloted by remote control or onboard computers
• Term used since 1980s
(Oxford University Press, 2018)
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Difference between UAV and Drone
UAV Drone
•An unmanned aerial vehicle: an aircraftpiloted by remote control or onboard computers
•A continuous low humming sound.
•A continuous musical note of low pitch.
•A male bee in a colony of social bees, which does no work but can fertilize a queen.
•A remote-controlled pilotless aircraft or missile.
(Oxford University Press, 2018)
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Difference between UAV and Drone
UAV Drone
•An unmanned aerial vehicle: an aircraftpiloted by remote control or onboard computers
•A continuous low humming sound.
•A continuous musical note of low pitch.
•A male bee in a colony of social bees, which does no work but can fertilize a queen.
•A remote-controlled pilotless aircraft or missile.
(Oxford University Press, 2018)
Google search: 21.1 millions results Google search: 184 millions results
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Difference between UAV and Drone
UAV Drone
•An unmanned aerial vehicle: an aircraftpiloted by remote control or onboard computers
•A continuous low humming sound.
•A continuous musical note of low pitch.
•A male bee in a colony of social bees, which does no work but can fertilize a queen.
•A remote-controlled pilotless aircraft or missile.
(Oxford University Press, 2018)
Google search: 21.1 millions results Google search: 184 millions results
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UAV Research Opportunities
• Payloads – Maximum weight a UAV can carry?
• Duration – Maximum time a UAV can fly?
• Intelligence – How clever a UAV is?
• Data acquisition – What type of data can be captured?
• Data analytics – What can we do with the remotely sensed data captured by a UAV?
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UAV Research Opportunities
• Payloads – Maximum weight a UAV can carry?
• Duration – Maximum time a UAV can fly?
• Intelligence – How clever a UAV is?
• Data acquisition – What type of data can be captured?
• Data analytics – What can we do with the remotely sensed data captured by a UAV?
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What is Remote Sensing?
• The scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it. (Oxford University Press, 2018)
• The science and art of obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object, area or phenomenon under investigation (Lillesand & Kiefer, 2000)
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Remote Sensing Components
1. Platform
2. Ground Station
3. Source of Energy
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Remote Sensing from Satellite Platform
Satelliteplatform
Ground Station
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Remote Sensing from UAV Platform
UAVplatform
Ground Station
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Radiation Paths
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Evolution of Remote Sensing
Systems
(Spaceborne sensors)Geostationary orbit 36000 kmNear-polar orbit 600 –1000 km
(Airborne sensors)High altitude 3 – 10 km
(Airborne sensors)Low altitude 300 – 3 km
(Airborne sensors)Ultra-low altitude 100 -300 m
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Important Terms in Remote Sensing
• Spatial resolution – The smallest possible feature that can be detected
• Spectral Resolution – Bands within Electromagnetic Spectrum used in capturing image
• Radiometric Resolution – Grey levels possessed by each pixel of the captured image
• Temporal Resolution – The frequency of image capturing for an area of interest
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Spatial Resolution
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Spatial Resolusion
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Spectral Resolution
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Spectral Resolution
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Spectral Resolution
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Radiometric Resolution
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Radiometric Resolution
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Temporal Resolution
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Temporal Resolution
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Temporal Resolution
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Satellite vs UAV
Satellite UAV
Spatial Resolution 30m (Landsat)10m (SPOT)1m (Ikonos)0.6m (Quickbird)
Altitude dependent & Sensor dependent
4cm at 120 m using Canon 12MP
Spectral Resolution MultispectralHyperspectral
Multispectral
Radiometric Resolution 16 bit (Landsat)12 bit (SPOT)
8 bit using Canon 12MP
Temporal Resolution 16 days (Landsat)2-3 days (SPOT)
User dependent (full autonomy)
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Basics of Photogrammetry
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Two Key Conditions for Image Overlapping
(1) Forward Lap 70%
(2) Side Lap 65%
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Overlapping error
Problem solved!
using PRSS
Speed varies according to
ground elevation
Speed merely follows the
parameter setting in mission planning
m/s
m/s
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NORMAL WAYPOINT
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PEAK COMPENSATION
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PEAK PRE-OPTIMIZED WAYPOINT
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2D and 3D Mapping Using UAV
Applications
Kampus INSTUN
Masjid UTeM Ringlet Sg RambaiAirport
Pantai KlebangBukit UTeM
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Mission Planner& CHDK
Stitching Image – Agisoft & Pix4D
Mission Planner & Droid Planner
Risalah Elektronik Geometrik( Geometric E-Flyers )
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Relationship GSD with Map ScaleGSD: Ground Spatial Distance
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COVERAGE AREA (Ha) – CAMERA 20 MPx
GSD (CM)
ALTITUDE
(M)
COVERAGE AREA
(Ha) per flight
0.5 30 50 Ha
1 50 100 Ha
1.5 70 150 Ha
5 220 500 Ha
7 310 700 Ha
10 440 1000 Ha
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ALIRAN KERJA UAV
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Platform yang dilengkapi dengan Avionik (GPS telemetry dan FPV Pilotting) Membawa sensor pocket digital camera dan dudukannya
Perencanaan akuisisi data sesuai tujuan produksi (1) Imagery; (2) Modeling 3D; (3) Peta Ortofoto
Ground Station portable yang
dilengkapi basisdata rupa bumi
(WGS 1984)
Tele-kontrol; Data Telemetry: GPS, Video, dll.
Mengunduh Data Akuisisi Data sesuai rencana Foto
GPS Track
Pemrosesan Data dan Visualisasi Hasil
Produk Citra (Imagery)
Produk Data Spasial (Peta Ortofoto)
Produk Modeling 3D (virtual reality)
ALIRAN KERJA UAV
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Penerbangan UAV di Malaysia tertakluk kepadaundang-undang penerbangan :
Akta Penerbangan Awam 2016(Jabatan Penerbangan Awam - DCA)- Operator perlu ada Private Pilot License (PPL)-Perlu ada Permit untuk Penerbangan bagiPenggambaran Udara dari JUPEM (BGSP)-Perlu ada Permit Untuk Penerbangan dari DCA
UAV DAN UNDANG-UNDANG PENERBANGAN DI MALAYSIA
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1.
Kerajaan Negeri Melaka2016
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